Bajgiran, Fariborz (2018) Masters thesis (MPhil), Manchester Metropolitan University. Downloaded from: http://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/622589/ Usage rights: Creative Commons: Attribution-Noncommercial-No Deriva- tive Works 4.0 Please cite the published version https://e-space.mmu.ac.uk Sustainable Mobile Architecture for Natural Disasters with Reference to the Experience of the Bam Earthquake Fariborz Bajgiran Feb 2018 1 Sustainable Mobile Architecture for Natural Disasters with Reference to the Experience of the Bam Earthquake Fariborz Bajgiran A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Manchester Metropolitan University for the degree of Master of Philosophy Department of Art and Design/ Architecture The Manchester Metropolitan University February 2018 2 Table of contents Abstract ..................................................................................................................... V Acknowledgments .................................................................................................... VI Dedication .............................................................................................................. VII List of figures ............................................................................................................ IX List of diagrams ....................................................................................................... XX List of tables ......................................................................................................... XXIII List of charts ....................................................................................................... XXIV Glossary of acronyms ......................................................................................... XXVI Introduction ......................................................................................................... XXVI Chapter 1: Literature Review 1.1 Research questions ........................................................................................... 2 1.2 Aims and objectives .......................................................................................... 3 1.3 Sustainable development .................................................................................. 5 1.3.1 Methods of sustainable development in material science .................. 20 1.3.2 Sustainable development in sheltering .............................................. 20 1.4 Earthquakes studies ...................................................................................... 27 1.4.1 Earthquakes as a natural event ......................................................... 20 1.4.2 The scale of earthquakes ................................................................... 20 1.5 Earthquake response cycle ........................................................................... 19 1.5.1 Existing strategies ............................................................................... 20 1.5.2 Scale of responses ............................................................................. 22 1.5.3 Actions before earthquakes .............................................................. 32 1.5.4 Actions After earthquakes .................................................................. 33 1.5.5 Lessons from Earthquakes ................................................................ 34 3 1.6 Non-Governmental Organizations ................................................................. 19 1.6.1 Temporary sheltering ......................................................................... 34 1.6.2 Temporary sheltering approaches ...................................................... 34 1.6.3 Cold climate emergency shelter .......................................................... 34 1.6.4 Principles of temporary sheltering ...................................................... 34 1.6.5 Camp planning patterns ...................................................................... 34 1.6.6 Management of the crisis points for temporary sheltering .................. 34 1.6.7 Strategies of temporary sheltering ...................................................... 34 1.6.8 Post-earthquake scenario ................................................................... 34 1.6.9 Requirements of temporary sheltering ............................................... 34 1.6.10 Process of site selection for temporary sheltering ............................. 34 1.7 The Bam earthquake and special architectural site conditions ..................... 19 1.7.1 Building materials in Iran ..................................................................... 34 1.7.2 Earthquake management in Iran ......................................................... 34 1.7.3 Requirements for temporary sheltering ............................................... 34 1.7.4 Strategies of site finding for temporary sheltering in Bam ................... 34 1.7.5 Statistics for economic and human losses in Bam .............................. 34 1.7.6 Sheltering in earthquake response cycle ............................................ 34 1.7.7 Process of temporary sheltering ......................................................... 34 1.7.8 Sheltering with industrial focus ........................................................... 34 1.7.9 Erectable and foldable structures ....................................................... 34 1.7.10 Pre-fabricating emergency shelters ................................................... 34 1.8 Material science ............................................................................................. 19 1.8.1 Lightweight materials ......................................................................... 34 1.8.2 Existing materials in emergency sheltering ......................................... 34 1.8.3 Sustainable developments in material science .................................. 34 4 1.8.4 Methods of sustainable development in material science .................. 34 1.8.5 Wood industry ..................................................................................... 34 1.8.6 Paper industry .................................................................................... 34 1.9 Chapter conclusion ....................................................................................... 19 Chapter 2: Methodology 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 19 2.2 Research methodology for this thesis ............................................................ 19 2.2.1 Plan .................................................................................................... 34 2.2.2 Action .................................................................................................. 34 2.2.3 Feedback ........................................................................................... 34 2.2.4 Developments .................................................................................... 34 2.3 Theoretical framework for the research methodology cycle .......................... 19 2.3.1 Methods of temporary sheltering ........................................................ 34 2.4 Selected framework ....................................................................................... 19 2.5 Chapter conclusion ........................................................................................ 19 Chapter 3: Bam field work 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 44 3.2 Bam before earthquake ................................................................................. 44 3.3 Bam after earthquake ................................................................................... 44 3.3.1 Growth of population after earthquake ................................................ 34 3.3.2 Taxonomy of local building materials .................................................. 34 3.3.3 Delivering temporary shelters ............................................................. 34 3.4 Changing temporary sheltering approach from camp to survivor’s land ........ 44 3.5 Seminar by author about temporary sheltering in Bam .................................. 44 3.6 Chapter conclusion ....................................................................................... 44 5 Chapter 4: Disaster Response Cycle 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 44 4.2 Earthquake response cycle .......................................................................... 44 4.3 Description of the Bam post-earthquake scenario from the author’s view .... 44 4.4 Daily activity and requirements after the Bam earthquake ............................ 44 4.4.1 First day of the Bam earthquake ......................................................... 34 4.4.2 Three days after the Bam earthquake ................................................ 34 4.4.3 Five days after the Bam earthquake .................................................. 34 4.4.4 Ten days after the Bam earthquake .................................................... 34 4.4.5 Eleven days after the Bam earthquake ............................................... 34 4.4.6 Seventy-six days after the Bam earthquake ....................................... 34 4.4.7 Report of an architect from Bam after earthquake .............................. 34 4.4.8 Approaches of experts after 6 months temporary sheltering