Advances in Historical Studies 2013. Vol.2, No.2, 70-80 Published Online June 2013 in SciRes (http://www.scirp.org/journal/ahs) http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ahs.2013.22011 Communities Inferred from the Books of Samuel in the Old Testament of the Bible Wei Hu Department of Computer Science, Houghton College, New York, USA Email: [email protected] Received February 16th, 2013; revised March 17th, 2013; accepted March 27th, 2013 Copyright © 2013 Wei Hu. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The books of First and Second Samuel are part of historical books in the Old Testament of the Bible, which appear as a single book in Jewish scriptures. These two books record the critical transition of gov- erning system in Israel from judges to kings and from 12 tribes to a centralized state. The three major characters in these books are Samuel priest, prophet and the last judge, Saul the first king of Israel, and David the second king, a man after God’s own heart. These books contain many fascinating stories that present the life of Samuel, the rise and fall of Saul, the long journal for David to become king, and the es- tablishment of his kingdom. In this study, we constructed a sequence of social networks from these two books based on the interactions of many characters and their locations. Our aim was to apply a computa- tional approach to identifying the communities in these networks, which summarized the interactions be- tween the key figures and others, along with their locations. As a result, the rich information of this part of Israel history was encoded and visualized concisely through this sequence of networks of communities in time. Keywords: Samuel; Bible; Community Introduction Kings and First and Second Chronicles. These books were named after Samuel, because his life formed the foundation of The books of First and Second belong to the historical books First Samuel and he was a partial author of the book. Samuel of the Bible that record the history of the Israel, covering the was not merely an editor and a character of this book, but the time of this nation from conquering Canaan the promise land to author of the history of this critical period of Israel, who played the loss of this land through the Babylonian exile because of a pivotal role in rise of kingship of Israel (Tsumura, 2007). their disobedience to God (Payne, 1982; Magennis, 2011). These These books are not a narrative of historical events solely, but two books trace the social transition period of Israel from rather to elucidate the significance of the divine guidance of the loosely organized 12 tribes to a centralized monarchy in the nation Israel, revealing God is the real maker of human history. promise land, along with the political leadership change from These two books primarily chronicle the life of Samuel (1 tribal judges to kings. They provide a natural continuation of Samuel, 1: 12), the reign of Saul (1 Samuel, 13: 31), and the the book of Judges reflecting from the content overlapping be- reign of David (2 Samuel), since they were essential in the es- tween the start of the First Samuel and the end of the book of tablishment of the monarchy. In particular, these books give a Judges. The time of the judges was a chaotic era in the history comprehensive account of the life of David, a man of faith even Israel since there was a repeated pattern of rebellion, oppression, while a man of weakness, as illustrated from his victories and and deliverance. In those days there was no king in Israel, but struggles and his trust and reliance upon God. As the youngest every man did that which was right in his own eyes (Judges, 17: of the eight sons of Jesse, David was born in Bethlehem and 6). When Samuel, their prophet, priest, and the last judge, was served as a shepherd during his childhood. Besides being a quite old, the Israelites demanded a king, similar to the kings of great king, David was also well known as a great psalmist as the surrounding nations. However, the whole purpose of God well as a great warrior. The description of David in the Bible, creating the nation of Israel is to make this nation to be unlike as a man after God’s own heart (1 Samuel, 13: 14), is more all other nations (Exodus, 19: 5-6), as God Himself was the ruler, detailed than any other Bible character except Jesus Christ. king, and God of Israel. Moses predicted Israel’s desire for a Furthermore, the name David is the third most often used name human king in (Deuteronomy, 17: 14-20), but the human kings in the whole Bible, with Moses and Abraham being first and must serve as representatives of God’s kingship over Israel. second respectively. In the New Testament, Jesus is described The unity of contents of the First and Second Samuel sug- as a “descendant of David according to the flesh” (Romans, 1: 3) gests these two books are one book in reality as seen from the according to God’s Davidic covenant recorded in (2 Samuel, 7). original Hebrew text (Gordon, 1999). Further, such division The birth of Samuel was God’s answer to his mother’s faith- appears in the other books of the Bible such as First and Second ful prayer. From the tribe of Levi, Samuel was the maker of 70 Copyright © 2013 SciRes. W. HU Israel kings and played a key role as God’s messenger and sons born in Jerusalem by other wives. leader, who found and anointed both Saul from the smallest tribe of Hebrews, Benjamin, and David from the tribe of Judah. Methods He guided Israel’s transition to kingship and bridged the peri- ods of the judges and the monarchy. In addition to these three Compared to random networks, real social networks exhibit main figures, there were three more important characters in several characteristic features such as small world, power law First Samuel, who were Eli that raised Samuel and the high degree distribution, and community structures (Newman, 2010). priest prior to Samuel, Hannah mother of Samuel, and Jonathan A community in a network is a group of vertices that are son of Saul. Other key figures in Second Samuel were Joab the densely connected inside the group but sparsely outside. In this general of David’s army, Bathsheba wife of Uriah and after- study, we made use of Walktrap, a community detection algo- ward of David, Nathan the prophet, and Absalom son of David. rithm, which relies on random walks on graphs to calculate a Nonetheless, the books of Samuel were cogently organized into distance that could then be used to define the structural similar- stories of Samuel, Saul, and David, covering approximately the ity between vertices. The advantage of the method is that this time period from 1050 to 970 BC (Gordon, 1999). distance cab be computed efficiently. Finally, a hierarchical The books of Samuel capture so many attractive storied oc- clustering algorithm is used to merge the vertices iteratively curred in the history of Israel that are among the most famous into communities. The intuition of this approach is that: random from the entire ancient world (Tsumura, 2007). To discover the walks on a graph tend to get trapped into densely connected patterns of interactions among so many characters in these sto- parts corresponding to communities (Pons & Latapy, 2006). ries, we applied a community detection algorithm to a sequence of social networks made from these books. Our aim was to gain Division of First and Second Samuel into Segments new insight into these interesting books, as God’s word is a In order to make a sequence of social networks from the lamp to our feet and a light for our path. books of Samuel, we divided First Samuel into three logical segments, chapters 1-8 presenting the birth and life of Samuel Materials and Methods and serving as an important preface for this book, chapters 9- 15 describing the rise and fall of the first king Saul, and chapter Materials 16-31 depicting God's choice of David to be Saul’s successor, The text of the Bible used in this study is from the King and David’s long journey for accession to the throne. Similarly, James version (1611 authorized version), downloaded from Second Samuel was partitioned into four segments, chapters 1- http://printkjv.ifbweb.com. Because First and Second Samuel 4 showing David’s victory over the house of Saul to become are used as data in our study, this section provides some back- king of Judah, chapters 5-10 presenting the success of David’s ground information about three major characters in these two rule as king of all Israel, chapters 11-21 telling David’s sins and books, Samuel, Saul, and David. their punishments, and chapters 22-24 covering David’s faith, thanksgiving, and sin. Family of Samuel Social Network of First and Second Samuel Hannah and Elkanah were Samuel’s mother and father who lived at Ramah. Elkanah was a Levite. He had another wife To gain a global perspective of First and Second Samuel, we Peninnah who had children but Hannah had no children at the present the Meta data of the social network made from the two beginning of the book of First Samuel.