Egypt , Iran and Turks The Nineteenth Century MES 20 Reflections on the Middle East Prof. Hesham Issa Mohammed Abdelaal History and Conflicts Ottoman (Turkey) I Egypt I Qujar (Iran) I i>Clicker Questions Lecture and Reading Intent outcomes: Concepts in this session Knowledge The era Of Transformation! 1.The decline of the Ottoman Empire:! • Militating against the centralization of state authority! • List the Names of effective persons in the 19th • The westernization of Ottoman Empire. ! • Internal Decays and the Janissaries ! century Turkey, Egypt, Iran. • The French expedition to Egypt ! • Turkey Reform in the 19th century! • Summarize the political reform in the Middle • The Tanzemat! • Young Ottomans and Young Turks! 2.Egypt Reform in the 19th century ! east 19th Century. • Muhammed Ali Pasha Era and the urban reform! • The British Occupation ! • Describe the reasons for the decline of • The Nationalism period ! 3.Iran reforms in the 19th century ! • Change in Iranian Shi’ism after the Safavids and the rise of " Ottoman empire. Qujar density and the Ulama! • The effect of European Imperialism ! Comprehension • The Constitutional Revolution The decline of the Ottoman Empire Can you List and date the Losses of the Ottoman Empire between 1683 -1914? The correct answer is (B) False Islamic principals ( Quran and Hadith ) was used to During the four empires (Umayyad, Abbasid, Ottoman, Safavid) rule. the Caliph in each empire invoked a divine status. A.True B.False Notes of importance to be considered While Watching documentaries •The Reasons for decline •The Relation between Religion and the state. •The European Imperial Intervention •The Political economical and social reform The decline of the Ottoman Empire Egypt Reform in the 19th century ! Mohammed Ali Pasha Era (Ottoman Empire) ! Ottoman (Turkey) I Egypt I Qujar (Iran) I i>Clicker Questions Group Discussion In the nineteenth Century, Ottoman (Turkey) , Egypt, Qujar (Iran), were faced by dramatic change between the challenging slow decline, reform and European Imperial intervention. From the videos and your reading each group will report a short statement not more the 3 minutes on: •The Reasons for decline •The Relation between Religion and the state. •The European Imperial Intervention •The Political economical and social reform Your comparison should define the similarities and common causes between the three nations. Ottoman (Turkey) I Egypt I Qujar (Iran) I i>Clicker Questions Group Discussion Organization 1.Group closed discussion for 15 minutes •Group leader to organize Dissuasion •Formulate Important questions •Organize statement •Rehearse Statement •Choose Your speaker-man 2.Groups representative statements 3 Minutes 3.Groups representative debate and discussion 15 minutes 4.i>Clicker questions 10 Minutes Ottoman (Turkey) I Egypt I Qujar (Iran) I i>Clicker Questions Ottoman Empire (Turkey) The decline of the Ottoman Empire! Key Dates: Militating against the centralization of state authority •1683: defeat after the siege of Vienna shows Ottoman weakness •1811: Mohamed Ali Of Egypt •1820 Greek Revolution: Greece gains independence from the Ottoman Empire Battle of Vienna 1683 •1867 Serbs gain independence The decline of the Ottoman Empire! • Poor rulers and weak corrupt government due Internal Decays and the Janissaries to the heavy taxation of the governors of each territory •Sultans want to modernize face opposition from influential old groups and clerics •Janissary army becomes outdated and refuse to The decline of the Ottoman Empire! The westernization of Ottoman Empire • European imperialist interest in Ottoman territories begins to undermine Ottoman power in the late 1600’s-early 1700’s •Ottoman weakness leads Europe to try to take their land for geopolitical reasons •Geopolitics – an interest in taking for its strategic location or resources The decline of the Ottoman Empire! Direct Effect Egypt: The French expedition to Egypt •l’Institut d'Egypte: a survey of Egypt and its • Direct Effect Egypt: • l’Institut d'Egypte: a survey of Egypt and its resources, conducted resources, conducted scientific experiments and scientific experiments and established a periodical in the French established a periodical in the French language, language, • Legislation system • Ulema and notable reform •Legislation system • Arabic printing press, • Urban Reform , • Economy Reform •Ulema and notable reform • Indirect Effects: • British/ Ottoman Military Corporation •Arabic printing press, • Signaled the beginning of a process of Western expansion and colonization •Urban Reform , of the Middle East. •Economy Reform Tanzimat Era 1826-1853 Tanzimat 1839–1876 Goal 1.Creation of new army corps a. Sultan Muhammed II 1802-1839 2.Elimination of Janissaries 3.Reduction of political power of religious elite (Ulama) Effects 1. Growth of wealth and influence of urban elites (vis traditional nobles, janissaries, Ulama) b. Sultan AbdelMageed I and II 2. Cultural and social effects including European clothing styles, equal access to courts for all males, equalization of taxation Limitation 1839-1869 1.Rights and political participation for men only. 2.Reforms decreased influence of women. 3.Cash economy and competitive labor market drove women from work force. Young Turks 2. First Constitutional Era 1878 Young □ The Turks began to respond to these rebellious minorities and meddling foreigners Ottoman □ The military officers (also the most Europeanized members of Turkish society blamed Sultan Abdul Hamid II for the crisis and decline of the empire a. Sultan Abdul Hamid II 1876 □ Plotted to force a constitution on the sultan □ Alienated other anti-Ottoman groups by advocating centralized rule and the Turkification of ethnic minorities -1909 □ 1909 – a Parliament dominated by the Young Turks overthrew Sultan Abdul Hamid II Young Turks □ Plotted to force a constitution on the sultan □ Alienated other anti-Ottoman groups by advocating centralized rule and the Turkification of ethnic minorities □ 1909 – a Parliament dominated by the Young Turks overthrew Sultan Abdul Hamid II Young Turks 3. Second Constitutional Era 1909 Young □ Plotted to force a constitution on the sultan Turks □ Alienated other anti-Ottoman groups by advocating a. Mehmed V 1909 centralized rule and the Turkification of ethnic minorities b. The new parliament comprised □ 1909 – a Parliament dominated by the Young Turks 142 Turks, 60 Arabs, 25 Albanians, overthrew Sultan Abdul Hamid II 23 Greeks, 12 Armenians, 5 Jews, 4 Bulgarians, 3 Serbs in the elections of 1908 The Young Turks Program The Young Turks Program •Pushed for reforms of basic democratic rights: • freedom of speech. • freedom of assembly. • freedom of the press. Ottoman (Turkey) I Egypt I Qujar (Iran) I i>Clicker Questions Egypt Egypt Reform in the 19th century ! Remember the name (Muhammad Ali Family) Mohammed Ali Pasha Era (Ottoman Empire) • The governor / Muhammed Ali Pasha1805-1848 • The governor / Ibrahim M. Ali Pasha Remember the name • The governor / Muhammed Ali Pasha1805-1848 • The governor / Ibrahim M. Ali Pasha 18481848 18481848 • The governor / Abbas Helmi Pasha18481854 • The governor / Muhammed Said 854-1863 • The Khedive / Ismail Pasha1863-1879 • The governor / Abbas Helmi Pasha18481854 • The Khedive / Tawfiq Pasha1879-1892 • The governor / Muhammed Said 854-1863 • The Khedive / Ismail Pasha1863-1879 • The Khedive / Tawfiq Pasha1879-1892 Egypt Reform in the 19th century ! Muhammed Ali Reform Mohammed Ali Pasha Era (Ottoman Empire) •Main goal: a European-style Egypt •Nationalized all land to be clammed by the Egyptian Governor •Taxation Reform •Established a modern navy Egypt Reform in the 19th century ! Mohammed Ali Pasha Era- Urban reform Egypt Reform in the 19th century ! Mohammed Ali Pasha Era- Suez Canal Egypt Reform in the 19th century " The British Occupation The Late Reform • The French Control Over Suez canal. • The French Control Over Suez canal. • Khedive Ismail and the french Connections that • Khedive Ismail and the french Connections that encouraged encouraged Egypt to break away from the Egypt to break away from the Ottoman Empire and French investors poured money into the Ottoman Empire and French investors poured country after 1850. • The Egyptian Scholars money into the country after 1850. governmental Missions to France • This worried the British government • The Egyptian Scholars governmental Missions to which feared that Ottoman possessions in North Africa would fall into the hands of rival European France powers and thereby threaten British interests in the area. • This worried the British government which feared Muhammad Abduh Rifa'a al-Tahtawy Ali Pasha Mubarak 26 Egypt Reform in the 19th century " British Intervention: The British Occupation • The completion of the Suez Canal led to a large influx • The completion of the Suez Canal led to a large influx of of British investment. British investment. • Between 1863 and 1879 Egypt's foreign debt • Between 1863 and 1879 Egypt's foreign debt increased from £3 million to increased from £3 million to £100 million. £100 million. • In 1878 an Anglo-French rescue plan emerged. • In 1878 an Anglo-French rescue plan emerged. French government officials and British financial French government officials and British financial experts would take control of the experts would take control of the Egyptian economy. Egyptian economy. Lord Cromer 27 Egypt Reform in the 19th century " Important Incident: Alexandria National Riot The British Occupation • The plan restored financial stability. But, in the process,