Malaysia Source: MIROS 1 Inhabitants Vehicles/1 000 Road fatalities Fatalities /100 000 inhabitants (including in 2012 inhabitants in 2012 mopeds) 28.8 million 775 6 917 23.6 1. Road safety data collection Definitions • Road fatality: deaths resulting from a road crash within 30 days after the crash. • Serious injuries: any person injured as a result of a road crash as referred to section 320 of the Penal Code • Slight injuries: any injury that does not fit under death or serious injury Data collection The Royal Malaysian Police (RMP) is the agency responsible for collecting crash data in Malaysia. There is a standardised form (POL27), used to collect all relevant information for each crash occurrence in Malaysia. The form covers the information on vehicle, environment, injury, location and background of the crash occurrence, as well as the victim involved. In Malaysia, all road crashes must be reported to the police. Therefore police data covers all types of crashes: fatal, serious, slight, or damage only. Malaysia is just starting working towards estimation of underreporting. 2. Most recent safety data Road crashes in 2012 In 2012, there was a stagnation in the number of road fatalities, with 6 917 road deaths compared to 6 877 in 2011 (+0.58%). The number of severe and slight crashes decreased by 3.7% and 0.4% respectively. Many road safety interventions were implemented in 2012. One of the most important measures is the implementation of the Automated Enforcement System (AES), targeting both speeding and red light running related offences. 1. Data included in this report have not yet been validated by IRTAD. IRTAD 2014 Annual Report © OECD/ITF 2014 Malaysia – 339 Provisional data for 2013 Provisional data for 2013 show again a relative stagnation in the number of fatalities. The official data is yet to be announced by the Royal Malaysian Police. Sadly, in 2013 there was a major crash involving a stage bus that fell into a ravine, which resulted in 38 deaths. 3. Trends in traffic and road safety (1990-2013) Traffic Since 2000, the number of registered vehicles has increased each year by around 6%. The high number of registered vehicles also increased the number of vehicle-kilometres travelled in the country. Change in the number of fatalities and injury crashes (1990-2012) In general, fatalities are still increasing from year to year. Between 2006 and 2012, only the year 2007 saw lower fatalities compared to the previous year. Since 2007, their number has been increasing whereas the number of injured road users (serious and slight) has shown a declining trend. This information is based on police recorded data. Since 2000, fatalities increased by 14%. The increase in the number of fatalities and crashes can be partly associated with the rapid rise of motorisation in the country. An impact analysis on the safety intervention shows that the road safety programme that started in 1998 was able to significantly reduce (p < 0.05) traffic deaths and offset the fatality trend in Malaysia. Figure 1. Impact of the road safety programme on the number of fatalities Sour Source: MIROS IRTAD 2014 Annual Report © OECD/ITF 2014 340 – Malaysia Rates The mortality rate is rather high (23.6 deaths/100 000 population in 2012). However, the risk (in terms of deaths per distance travelled) has decreased significantly since 2000, due to the large rise in motorisation in Malaysia. Between 2000 and 2012, the death rate (in terms of deaths per 100 000 population) declined by 9%, and risks, expressed in deaths per billion veh-km and in deaths per 10 000 registered vehicles, both decreased by more than 40%, mainly because of the very high increase in motorisation (+90.5%). Table 1. Road safety and traffic data 2012% change from 1990 2000 2010 2011 2012 2011 2000 1990 Reported safety data Fatalities 4 048 6 035 6 872 6 877 6 917 0.6% 14.6% 70.9% Injury crashes 25 766 44 165 21 397 18 693 17 522 -6.3% -60.3% -32.0% Deaths per 100,000 population 22.7 25.9 23.8 23.7 23.6 -0.4% -9.0% 3.8% Deaths per 10,000 registered vehicles 9.0 5.7 3.4 3.2 3.1 -3.1% -45.5% -65.4% Deaths per billion vehicle kilometres 26.3 16.2 14.7 13.4 -8.7% -49.0% Traffic data Registered vehicles2 (thousands) 10 99 20 189 21 311 22 702 6.5% 114.2% Vehicle kilometres (millions) 424 021 467 611 517 193 10.6 % Registered vehicles per 1,000 455.6 698.3 738.0 774.8 5% 70.1% population) Source: MIROS Road users Generally, powered two-wheelers contribute to the highest number of road deaths in Malaysia. In 2012, they accounted for 61% of the road deaths - followed by car occupants with 21%. Pedestrians accounted for 8% of all fatalities. Over the past nine years (2003-2012) the fatalities among motorcyclists and car occupants respectively increased by 18% and 21%. 2. Registered vehicles excluding mopeds. IRTAD 2014 Annual Report © OECD/ITF 2014 Malaysia – 341 Figure 2. Road fatalities by road user group (share of total fatalities) 2010 2011 2012 70% 60.4% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20.7% 20% 10% 7.7% 2.3% 2.8% 2.3% 2.1% 1.2% 0.5% 0% Pedestrians Motorcyclists Cyclists Car occupants Van Bus Lorry 4 wheel Others Source: MIROS Table 2. Road fatalities by road user group 2012 % change from 2000 2010 2011 2012 2011 2000 Bicyclists 247 192 172 156 -9.3% -36.8% Motorised two wheelers 3 519 4 036 4 169 4 178 0.2% 18.7% Passenger car occupants 1 253 1 421 1 389 1 435 3.3% 14.5% Pedestrians 721 626 530 530 0.0% -26.5% Others incl. unknown 295 597 617 618 0.2% 109.5% Total 6 035 6 872 6 877 6 917 0.6% 14.6% Source: MIROS Age Over the past ten years the fatalities distribution, by age, show the same trend, with the highest fatalities among the 16 to 25 year olds. IRTAD 2014 Annual Report © OECD/ITF 2014 342 – Malaysia However in 2012, the fatalities for the age group 16 to 20 showed a reduction compared to previous years. The same reduction can be seen for the age group 75 years and older. Table 3. Road fatalities by age group 2012 % change from… Age 2010 2011 2012 2011 2010 0 - 5 177 178 192 -38% -27% 6 - 10 118 101 51 -34% -40% 11 - 15 235 171 177 10% 11% 16 - 20 451 420 480 -18% -18% 21 - 65 669 602 591 10% 10% >65 752 580 629 -20% -20% Total incl. unknown 6 872 6 877 6 917 1% 1% Source: MIROS Figure 3. Road fatalities by age group 2003 and 2012 2003 2012 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 51-55 56-60 61-65 66-70 71-75 >75 Source: MIROS Road Type The number of fatalities on federal roads is the highest, followed by state roads. In 2012, fatalities on federal roads decreased compared to the two previous years. IRTAD 2014 Annual Report © OECD/ITF 2014 Malaysia – 343 Figure 4. Reported fatalities by road type 2010-2012 2010 2011 2012 3 000 2 500 2 000 1 500 1 000 500 0 Expressway Federal roads State roads Municipal roads Others Source: MIROS 4. Economic costs of traffic crashes Traffic crashes represent a very significant cost for Malaysian society. Based on a willingness-to-pay estimation, traffic crashes costs each year around 1.6% of the national GDP. The statistical value of life in Malaysia is RM 1.3 million, around EUR 330 0003. 5. Recent trends in road user behaviour Impaired driving Drink driving and drugs In Malaysia, as mentioned in Road Traffic Act, it is an offence to drive a vehicle with a BAC over the legal limit of 0.08 g/dl (Road Transport Act, 1987). 3. Nor Ghani MD. NOR, Mohd Faudzi MOHD YUSOFF, (2003), "Value Of Life Of Malaysian Motorists: Estimates From A Nationwide Survey", Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol.5, October, 2003. Mohd Faudzi MOHD YUSOFF et al (2011) "Malaysian Value of Fatal and Non-Fatal Injury due to Road Accident: The Willingness to Pay Using Conjoint Analysis Study". Proceedings of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol.8, 2011. IRTAD 2014 Annual Report © OECD/ITF 2014 344 – Malaysia Islam is the state religion in Malaysia and around 60% of the population is Muslim. Alcohol is available at licensed outlets for the consumption of non-Muslim citizens. Based on police-reported data, drink-driving is not an issue in Malaysia, with less than 0.5% of drivers in fatal crashes tested positive for blood-alcohol content. However, a retrospective sectional study based on post-mortem files from the Department of Forensic Science of the Kuala Lumpur Hospital revealed that 23.3% of fatal drivers in this sample were positive for alcohol, 11% positive for drugs and 2.3% were positive for both drugs and alcohol. Among illicit drugs, the opiate group (5.4%) is top of the list of drugs detected among fatally injured drivers. The distribution was 2.8% positive for amphetamines, 1.02% for cannabis and 0.8% for ketamine. This study is representative of the situation in Kuala Lumpur only, and not that of the whole country4. Distraction It is prohibited to drive while using a hand-held mobile phone.