PLACE IN RETURN BOX to remove this checkout from your record. TO AVOID FINES return on or boron date duo. ‘ a DATE DUE DATE DUE DATE DUE MSU Is An Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Institution LINEAR ORDER IN HAYA VERBAL MORPHOLOGY: THEORETICAL IMPLICATIONS By Yunus Ismail Rubanza A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Linguistics and Germanic, Slavic, Asian and African Languages 1988 r 0'“ ABSTRACT H"? LINEAR ORDER OF THE HAYA VERBAL MORPHEMES: be THEORETICAL IMPLICATIONS By Yunus Ismail Rubanza This study examined the factors which determine the linear order and the cooccurrence restrictions of the Haya verbal. morphemesn .Also the study' discussed these determining factors SUI relation 1x) Bybee’s (1985) theory, which claims a correlation of a degree of semantic relatedness of the inflectional categories to the verb-stem, and the formal structure of the verb. The study is divided into four parts: (1) A phonological sketch of the Haya language, (2) identification of the verb morphemes and their functions, (3) an account, where possible, for the cooccurrence restrictions of verbal morphemes, and (4) the relation of the linear order and the cooccurrence restrictions to B’s theory of RELEVANCE and GENERALITY. The data for this study comes from Haya books,l newspapers, transcripts of tape recordings and from the author, a first language speaker of Haya. The major findings of this study are: (1) the Haya language has twenty three verbal morphemes, of which only Yunus Ismail Rubanza twenty two are examined in this study. However, not all of these morphemes do exhibit the maximum degree of cooccurrence with each other. (2) Four factors are identified as responsible for the cooccurrence restrictions of the verbal morphemes. These factors are: phonological, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic. (3) The linear order of the Haya verbal morphemes , supports B’ s predictions concerning hierarchy and order and more generally RELEVANCE and GENERALITY. The findings of this study ‘bring to the fore the observation that a model of the linear order of the verbal morphemes of Haya (and this may be true of other languages) must consider not only the semantic relevance of the morphemes to the verbs but also other aspects of linguistics, for example, phonology, syntax, and'pragmatics. This work is dedicated to my late parents: Ismail Rubanza and Halima Abdallahmani-Rubanza. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Carolyn Harfordq vdu) as guidance Committee Chairperson and dissertation director provided support, ~ insight, and challenge. Dr. Harford was there when needed, and provided perspectives which kept this study within manageable limits. I would also like to thank my doctoral committee: Dr. Ruth Brend, Dr. Barbara Arbbott, Dr. David Dwyer, Dr. Seok C. Song and Dr. Denise Troutman-Robinson. Acknowledgements must also be extended to former guidance committee Chairpersons: Dr. Carol Scotton and Dr. Grover Hudson who provided guidance during coursework, comprehensive exams and the early stages of this dissertation. I would also like to thank the Chairpersons: Dr. D. Mkude, Prof. J. Wang and Dr. T. Juntune for support and encouragement. A dept of gratitude is owed to Dr. D. Wiley, Dr. Y. Fisseha and the staff of the African Studies Center and Department of Linguistics and Germanic, Slavic, Asian and African Languages for financial support and supplies. I also wish to express my deep appreciation to many who contributed to this project: to University of Dar— es-Salaam, Michigan State University for tuition and fees, Smithsonian Institution and Sage foundation for research and producing dissertation respectively; to Dr. Peter Seitel for data and guidance, Dr. and Mrs Rugumamu S. for offering me a place to stay during research implementation in Washington; V to Dr. Kenneth Ebert of International Students and Scholars Office for administrative support; Fr. Deogratias Mutefunya, Fr and Dr. Peter Rutoyongororwa, Dr. John Rutayuga for providing me with Haya books, newspapers and guidance; my friends Robert Mabagala, Dr. Kulikoyela Kahigi, Julie Chamberlain, Steve Burghess, my students; and the Michigan State Community who helped make my difficult days seem bearable. Finally, a very special dept of gratitude is owed to my wife Amida and my children Halima, Hashimu and Farida who lived tolerantly through the long days of studies and writing. I greatly aknowledge a dept of love, support and caring. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES D O O O O O C O O I I 0 xii LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS. xiii CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND INFORMATION. 1.1. Goals. 1.2. The Language . 1.2.1. Classification . 1.2.2. Dialects of Haya . 1.3. The People . 1.4. Publications and data. 1.4.1. Published material . 1.5. Organisation of dissertation . Chapter 1: Endnotes . H Hood-dozmwan-a CHAPTER 2: PHONOLOGICAL SKETCH OF HAYA . 12 2.1. Introduction . 2.2. Phonological Inventory . 13 2.2.1. Inventory of Consonant Phonemes. 13 2.2.1.1. Distinctive Features of Consonant Phonemes . 16 2.2.1.2. Redundancy Rules for Consonant Phonemes . 2.2.'. Inventory of Vowel Phonemes. 2.2.2.1. Distinctive Features of Vowel Phonemes . 2.2.2.2. Redundancy Rules for Vowel Phonemes. 2.3. The Tones. 2.3.1. Lexical Tone . 2.3.2. Grammatical Tone . 2.4. Distribution of Consonant and Vowel Phonemes . 2.4.1. Distribution of Consonants . 2.4.1.1. Distribution of Consonants Occurring Singly . 2.4.1.2. Consonant Clusters . 2.4.2. Distribution of Vowels . 2.4.2.1. Short Vowels . 2.4.2.2. Long Vowels. 2.4.3. Distribution of Consonant Before vowels O O O 0 O O O O O 0 O O O 0 O 0 vii Page 2.5. Phonological Rules . 33 2.5.1. Phonological Rules Affecting Consonants . 33 2.5.1.1. Nasal Assimilation . 33 2.5.1.2. Consonant Alternation. u . 35 2.5.1.2.1. Strengthening. 35 2.5.1.2.2. Spirantization . 37 2.5.1.2.3. Palatilization . 39 2.5.1.2.4. Morphophonemic Rules . 40 2.5.2. Phonological Rules Affecting Vowels. 42 2.5.2.1. Glide Formation. 42 2.5.2.2. Vowel Deletion . 44 2.5.2.3. Vowel Lengthening. 45 2.5.2.3.1. Lengthening of Identical Vowel Sequence . 46 2.5. 2.3. 2. Lengthening before Nasal Clusters. 46 2.5. 2.3. 3. Lengthening before n . 47 2.6. A Word on Syllable Structure . 48 2.7. General Remarks and Summary. 51 Chapter 2: Endnotes . 53 CHAPTER 3: THE MORPHEMES OF THE VERB FORMS AND FUNCTIONS . 54 3.1. Introduction . 54 3.2. The Root . 56 3. 3. The Non-Stem Morphemes . 60 3.3.1. The Indicative Morpheme. 60 3.3.2. The Infinitive Morpheme. 61 3.3.3. The Subject Marker . 63 3.3.3.1. The Noun-Class System. 63 3.3.4. The Subjunctive Morpheme . 68 3.3.5. The Tenses . 70 3.3.5.1. The Present Tenses . 71 3.3.5.1.1. Present Universal Habitual . 72 3.3.5.1.2. "Still" Tense. 73 3.3.5.2. The Past Tenses. 74 3.3.5.2.1. Immediate Past . 74 3.3.5.2.2. Near Past. 75 3.3.5.2.3. Recent Past. 76 3.3.5.2.4. Remote Past. 77 3.3.5.2.5. Far Remote Past. 79 3.3.5.2.6. Immediate Past Habitual. 80 3.3.5.3. The Future Tenses. 81 3.3.5.3.1. Immediate Future . 82 3.3.5.3.2. Near Future. 85 3.3.5.3.3. Remote Future. 86 3.3.5.3.4. Immediate Future Habitual. 88 3.3.5.4. The "Imaginary" -ku- Tense . 90 3.3.6. The Subject relative morpheme. 91 3.3.7. The Conditional Morpheme . 95 3.3.8. The Focus Morpheme . 97‘ 3.3.9. The Negative Morphemes . 103 viii Page 1. NEGl . 103 . 2. NEG2 . 104 C 107 C 3. NEG3 . The Suffixal Morphemes. 109 0.1. The Locative Morphemes. 109 0.2. The Manner Morpheme . 113 0.. 0.3. The Intensifier Morpheme 113 O 0.4. The Question Morphemes. 114 O The Stem Morphemes . 115 . The Object Marker. 115 O . The Reflexive Marker . 125 O The Verbal Extensions. 126 The Causative Extension. 127 .0 129 O The Applied Extension. The Passive Extension. 132 The Reciprocal Extension 134 O. The Repetitive Extension 135 The Stative Extension. 138 C. Conclusion . 139 C wwwwwmwwwwwwawwwwww Chapter 3: Endnotes . 140 CHAPTER 4: THE MORPHEMES OF THE VERB: COOCCURRENCE RESTRICTIONS. O O I O O O O I O O O O 152 4.1. Introduction . .‘. 152 4.2. The Cooccurrence Restrictions of Prestem Morphemes. 154 4.2.1. The Subject Marker . 154 4.2.2. The Infinitive Morpheme. 156 4.2.3. The Tense Morphemes. Q 162 4.2.4. The Subject Relative Morpheme. O 164 167 4.2.5. The Conditional Morpheme . O 4.2.6. The Focus Morpheme . O 170 173 4.2.7. The Negative Morphemes . O 4.3. The Cooccurrence Restrictions of Poststem Morphemes . 176 4.3.1. The Indicative Morpheme. 176 4.3.2. The Subjunctive Morpheme . 177 4.3.3. The Tense Suffix ~11g. 178 4.3.4. The Locative, Manner, Intensifier and Question Morphemes . .'. 180 4.3.4.1. Additional Restrictions on the Question Morphemes . 180 4.3.4.2. Additional Restrictions on the Manner Morpheme. 181 4 .4 The Cooccurrence Restrictions of Stem Morphemes. 182 4.4.1. The Object Marker. 182 4.4.2. The Reflexive Marker . 185 4.4.3. The Verbal Extensions. 188 4.4.3.1.