Table of Contents Kurzfassung 2 Abstract 2 Table of Contents 3 Summary 11 Zusammenfassung 14 Key Words 16 1 Origin and Status of the Study 17 1.1 Origin of the Study 17 1.2 Status of the Study 18 2 Literature Review of Localities of Occurrence of Sceliphron destillatorium in Poland and Surrounding Countries 19 2.1 Localities of Occurrence of Sceliphron destillatorium in Poland 19 2.1.1 Localities Confirmed in the Southeastern Part of Poland up to 2000 19 2.1.1.1 Localities in the Vistula Valley and its Vicinity up to 2000 20 2.1.1.2 Localities in the Bieszczady Mountains up to 2000 20 2.1.1.3 Localities in the Beskid Mountains and their Foreland up to 2000 21 2.1.1.4 Statistical Evaluation of the Distribution of the Localities up to 2000 21 2.1.2 Localities Confirmed in the Southeastern Part of Poland after 2000 21 2.1.2.1 Localities in the Bieszczady Mountains after 2000 22 2.1.2.2 Localities in the Beskid Mountains and their Foreland after 2000 22 2.1.2.3 Localities in the Vistula Valley and its Vicinity after 2000 23 2.1.2.4 Localities in the San Valley and its Vicinity after 2000 23 2.1.2.5 Localities in the Pilica Valley and its Vicinity after 2000 24 2.1.2.6 Localities in the Nida Valley and its Vicinity after 2000 25 2.1.2.7 Statistical Evaluation of the Distribution of the Localities after 2000 25 2.2 Localities of Occurrence of Sceliphron destillatorium in Ukraina 26 2.2.1 Localities in the Western Part of Ukraina 26 2.2.2 Localities in the Southern Part of Ukraina 27 2.2.3 Localities in the Eastern Part of Ukraina 28 2.3 Localities of Occurrence of Sceliphron destillatorium in Russia 29 2.3.1 Localities in the Southern Region of the Southwestern Part of Russia 29 2.3.2 Localities in the Northern Region of the Southwestern Part of Russia 30 2.4 Localities of Occurrence of Sceliphron destillatoriumw. Kazakhstan 31 2.4.1 Localities in the Southern and Eastern Parts of Kazakhstan 31 2.4.2 Localities in the Western and Northern Parts of Kazakhstan 32 2.5 Localities of Occurrence of Sceliphron destillatorium in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Tadzikistan 32 2.5.1 Localities in Uzbekistan 32 2.5.2 Localities in Tadzikistan 32 2.5.3 Localities in Turkmenistan 32 2.6 Localities of Occurrence of Sceliphron destillatorium in Azerbajdzhan and Georgia 33 2.6.1 Localities in Azerbsgdzhan 33 2.6.2 Localities in Georgia 33 3 http://d-nb.info/1035729539 2.7 Localities of Occurrence of Sceliphron destillatoriumm Slovakia 33 2.7.1 Localities Confirmed in Slovakia up to 2000 33 2.7.1.1 Localities in the Eastern Part of Slovakia up to 2000 34 2.7.1.2 Localities in the Western Part of Slovakia up to 2000 34 2.7.1.3 Localities in the Southern Part of Slovakia up to 2000 34 2.7.1.4 Statistical Evaluation of the Distribution of the Localities up to 2000 34 2.7.2 Localities Confirmed in Slovakia after 2000 35 2.7.2.1 Localities in the Eastern Part of Slovakia after 2000 35 2.7.2.2 Localities in the Western Part of Slovakia after 2000 35 2.7.2.3 Localities in the Southern Part of Slovakia after 2000 36 2.7.2.4 Statistical Evaluation of the Distribution of the Localities after 2000 36 2.8 Localities of Occurrence of Sceliphron destillatorium in Czechia 37 2.8.1 Localities Confirmed in Czechia up to 2000 37 2.8.1.1 Localities in the Eastern Part of Czechia up to 2000 37 2.8.1.2 Localities in the Western Part of Czechia up to 2000 37 2.8.1.3 Statistical Evaluation of the Distribution of the Localities up to 2000 38 2.8.2 Localities Confirmed in Czechia after 2000 38 2.8.2.1 Localities in the Eastern Part of Czechia after 2000 38 2.8.2.2 Localities in the Western Part of Czechia after 2000 39 2.8.2.3 Statistical Evaluation of the Distribution of the Localities after 2000 39 2.9 Localities of Occurrence of Sceliphron destillatorium in Austria 39 2.9.1 Localities North of the Alps in Austria 39 2.9.2 Localities South of the Alps in Austria 40 2.10 Localities of Occurrence ofSceliphron destillatorium in Hungary 40 2.10.1 Localities in the Northwestern Part of Hungary 40 2.10.2 Localities in the Northeastern Part of Hungary 41 2.10.3 Localities in the Southwestern Part of Hungary 41 2.10.4 Localities in the Southeastern Part of Hungary 42 2.11 Localities of Occurrence of Sceliphron destillatorium in Romania 42 2.11.1 Localities in the Western Part of Romania 42 2.11.2 Localities in the Eastern Part of Romania 43 2.12 Localities of Occurrence ofSceliphron destillatorium in Croatia 43 2.12.1 Localities in the Northwestern Part of Croatia 43 2.12.2 Localities in the Southeastern Part of Croatia 44 2.13 Localities of Occurrence of Sceliphron destillatorium in Serbia 45 2.14 Localities of Occurrence of Sceliphron destillatorium in Bosna-Hercegovina 45 2.15 Localities of Occurrence of Sceliphron destillatorium in Makedonia 45 2.16 Localities of Occurrence ofSceliphron destillatorium in Slovenia 46 2.17 Localities of Occurrence of Sceliphron destillatorium in Switzerland 46 2.17.1 Localities North of the Alps in Switzerland 46 2.17.2 Localities South of the Alps in Switzerland 46 2.18 Localities of Occurrence of Sceliphron destillatorium in Germany 47 2.18 1 Localities in the Upper Rhine Valley 47 2.18 2 Localities in Side Valleys of the Upper Rhine Valley 47 2.18.3 Localities in the Elbe Valley and its Vicinity 48 4 2.19 Synanthropical Behaviour 48 2.20 Flower Visits 48 2.20.1 Apiaceae or Umbelliferae 49 2.20.2 Fabaceae or Leguminosae 49 2.20.3 Lamiaceae or Labiatae 49 2.20.4 Asteraceae or Compositae 50 2.20.5 Other Plant Families 50 2.21 Cleptoparasites 50 2.21.1 Hymenoptera 51 2.21.2 Coleoptera ; 51 2.21.3 Diptera 51 2.22 Renters 51 2.22.1 Sphecidae 52 2.22.2 Megachilidae 52 2.22.3 Eumenidae 52 2.22.4 Pompilidae 53 3 Collection Review of Localities of Occurrence of Sceliphron destillatorium in Poland and Surrounding Countries 53 3.1 Localities of Occurrence of Sceliphron destillatorium, in Ukraina 54 3.1.1 Localities in the Western Part of Ukraina 54 3.1.2 Localities in the Southern Part of Ukraina 54 3.1.3 Localities in the Eastern Part of Ukraina 55 3.2 Localities of Occurrence of Sceliphron destillatorium in Russia 55 3.2.1 Localities in the Southern Region of the Southwestern Part of Russia 56 3.2.2 Localities in the Northern Region of the Southwestern Part of Russia 56 3.3 Localities of Occurrence of Sceliphron destillatorium in Kazakhstan 57 3.3.1 Localities in the Southern and Eastern Parts of Kazakhstan 57 3.3.2 Localities in the Western and Northern Parts of Kazakhstan 58 3.4 Localities of Occurrence of Sceliphron destillatorium in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tadzikistan and Kirgisia 58 3.4.1 Localities in Uzbekistan 58 3.4.2 Localities in Turkmenistan 58 3.4.3 Localities in Tadzikistan 59 3.4.4 Localities in Kirgisia <• 59 3.5 Localities of Occurrence of Sceliphron destillatorium in Azerbajdzhan and Georgia 59 3.5.1 Localities in Azerbajdzhan 59 3.5.2 Localities in Georgia 60 3.6 Localities of Occurrence of Sceliphron destillatorium in Austria 60 3.6.1 Localities North of the Alps in Austria 60 3.6.2 Localities South of the Alps in Austria 61 3.7 Localities of Occurrence of Sceliphron destillatorium in Hungary 61 3.7.1 Localities in the Northwestern Part of Hungary 61 3.7.2 Localities in the Northeastern Part of Hungary 62 5 3.7.3 Localities in the Southwestern Part of Hungary 62 3.7.4 Localities in the Southeastern Part of Hungary 64 3.8 Localities of Occurrence of Sceliphron destillatorium in Romania 65 3.9 Localities of Occurrence of Sceliphron destillatorium in Croatia 66 3.9.1 Localities in the Northwestern Part of Croatia 66 3.9.2 Localities in the Southeastern Part of Croatia 67 3.10 Localities of Occurrence of Sceliphron destillatorium in Serbia 67 3.11 Localities of Occurrence ofSceliphron destillatorium in Makedonia 68 3.12 Localities of Occurrence ofSceliphron destillatorium in Slovenia 68 3.13 Localities of Occurrence ofSceliphron destillatorium in Switzerland 69 3.13.1 Localities North of the Alps in Switzerland 69 3.13.2 Localities South of the Alps in Switzerland 69 3.14 Localities of Occurrence ofSceliphron destillatorium in Germany 71 4 Diagnosis of Mason Nest Types of Sceliphron destillatorium, Delta unguicu- latum and Megachile (Chalicodoma) parietina 71 4.1 Morphology and Orientation of the Nest Cells 72 4.2 Aggregation and Plastering of the Nest Cells 72 4.3 Provisioning of the Nest Cells 72 ' 5 Morphology and Colouration of the Females of the Mud-Dauber Sceliphron in Europe 73 5.1 Distribution of Species of the Mud-Dauber Sceliphron in Europe 73 5.1.1 The Palaearctic Mud-Dauber Sceliphron destillatorium. 74 5.1.2 The Nearctic Mud-Dauber Sceliphron caementarium 74 5.1.3 The Oriental Mud-Dauber Sceliphron curvatum 74 5.1.4 The Palaearctic Mud-Dauber Sceliphron spirifex 74 5.1.5 The Palaearctic Mud-Dauber Sceliphron madraspatanum tubifex 74 5.1.6 Other Species of the Mud-Dauber Sceliphron 75 5.2 Distribution of Black and Yellow Colour on the Body of the Females of the Mud-Dau­ ber Sceliphron in Europe 75 5.2.1 The Palaearctic Mud-Dauber Sceliphron destillatorium 76 5.2.2 The Nearctic Mud-Dauber Sceliphron caementarium 76 5.2.3 The Oriental Mud-Dauber Sceliphron curvatum and the Palaearctic Mud-Dauber Sceliphron spirifex 77 5.2.4 The Palaearctic Mud-Dauber Sceliphron madraspatanum tubifex 78 5.3 Differential Diagnosis of the Females of the Mud-Dauber Sceliphron in Europe 79 5.3.1 The Palaearctic Mud-Dauber Sceliphron destillatorium 79 5.3.2 The Nearctic Mud-Dauber Sceliphron caementarium 80 5.3.3 The Oriental Mud-Dauber Sceliphron curvatum 80 5.3.4 The Palaearctic Mud-Dauber Sceliphron spirifex 80 5.3.5 The Palaearctic Mud-Dauber Sceliphron madraspatanum tubifex 80 6 5.4 Key for Determination of the Females of the Mud-Dauber Sceliphron in Europe 80 6 Distribution and Description of Nesting Sites of Sceliphron destillatorium .