PHYTOPLASMAS Genomes, Plant Hosts and Vectors This page intentionally left blank PHYTOPLASMAS Genomes, Plant Hosts and Vectors Edited by Phyllis G. Weintraub Agricultural Research Organization Gilat Research Center Israel and Phil Jones Rothamsted Research UK CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI Head Offi ce CABI North American Offi ce Nosworthy Way 875 Massachusetts Avenue Wallingford 7th Floor Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 617 395 4056 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 617 354 6875 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi.org CAB International 2010. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Phytoplasmas : genomes, plant hosts, and vectors / editors, Phyllis G. Weintraub & Phil Jones. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-84593-530-6 (alk. paper) 1. Phytoplasmas. I. Weintraub, Phyllis G. II. Jones, Phil, 1947- III. Title. SB738.P59 2010 632′.32--dc22 2009019575 ISBN-13: 978 1 84593 530 6 Typeset by AMA Dataset, Preston, UK. Printed and bound in the UK by MPG Books Group. The paper used for the text pages in this book is FSC certifi ed. The FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) is an international network to promote responsible management of the world’s forests. Contents Contributors vii Preface x Acknowledgements xii 1 Real-time PCR Diagnosis and Quantifi cation of Phytoplasmas 1 Luciana Galetto and Cristina Marzachì 2 Phytoplasma Genomics, from Sequencing to Comparative and Functional Genomics – What Have We Learnt? 19 Saskia A. Hogenhout and Martina Seruga Music 3 Functional Genomics of Phytoplasmas 37 Shigeyuki Kakizawa, Kenro Oshima and Shigetou Namba 4 Prospects of Multiple Gene-based Systems for Differentiation and Classifi cation of Phytoplasmas 51 Ing-Ming Lee, Yan Zhao and Robert E. Davis 5 Recent Advances in 16S rRNA Gene-based Phytoplasma Differentiation, Classifi cation and Taxonomy 64 Yan Zhao, Wei Wei, Robert E. Davis and Ing-Ming Lee 6 Phytoplasma Phylogeny and Detection Based on Genes other than 16s rRNA 93 Jennifer Hodgetts and Matthew Dickinson v vi Contents 7 Movement of Phytoplasmas and the Development of Disease in the Plant 114 Carmine Marcone 8 Biochemical Changes in Plants Infected by Phytoplasmas 132 Rita Musetti 9 Plant Resistance 147 Erich Seemüller and Hugh Harries 10 Phytoplasma Diseases of the Gramineae 170 Yaima Arocha Rosete and Phil Jones 11 Phytoplasma Epidemiology: Grapevines as a Model 188 Fiona E. Constable 12 Phytoplasma Epidemiological Systems with Multiple Plant Hosts 213 Michael Maixner 13 Control of Phytoplasma Diseases and Vectors 233 Phyllis G. Weintraub and Michael R. Wilson 14 Psyllid Vectors and their Control 250 Barbara Jarausch and Wolfgang Jarausch 15 Microbial Symbionts of Auchenorrhyncha Transmitting Phytoplasmas: a Resource for Symbiotic Control of Phytoplasmoses 272 Alberto Alma, Daniele Daffonchio, Elena Gonella and Noura Raddadi 16 Transmission Specifi city and Competition of Multiple Phytoplasmas in the Insect Vector 293 Domenico Bosco and Romina D’Amelio 17 Current and Possible Future Distributions of Phytoplasma Diseases and their Vectors 309 Xavier Foissac and Michael R. Wilson Index 325 The colour plate section can be found following p. 146 Contributors Alberto Alma, DIVAPRA – Entomologia e Zoologia applicate all’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Torino, via Leonardo da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy. E-mail: [email protected] Domenico Bosco, DIVAPRA – Entomologia e Zoologia applicate all’Ambiente, ‘Carlo Vidano’ Università degli Studi di Torino, via Leonardo da Vinci 44, 10095, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy. E-mail: [email protected] Fiona E. Constable, Department of Primary Industries, Private Bag 15, Ferntree, Gully Delivery Centre, Victoria 3156, Australia. E-mail: fi ona.constable@dpi. vic.gov.au Daniele Daffonchio, DISTRAM, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano Italy. E-mail: [email protected] Romina D’Amelio, DIVAPRA – Entomologia e Zoologia applicate all’Ambiente, ‘Carlo Vidano’ Università degli Studi di Torino, via Leonardo da Vinci 44, 10095, Grugli- asco, Torino, Italy. E-mail: [email protected] Robert E. Davis, Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Rm 118, Bldg. 004, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 2070, USA. E-mail: robert. [email protected] Matthew Dickinson, University of Nottingham, School of Biosciences, Plant Sciences Division, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK. E-mail: Matthew. Dickinson@ nottingham.ac.uk Xavier Foissac, UMR-1090 Génomique Diversité Pouvoir Pathogène, INRA et Uni- versité Victor Ségalen Bordeaux 2, 71 avenue Edouard Bourlaux – BP 81, 33883 Villenave d’Ornon, France. E-mail: [email protected] Luciana Galetto, Istituto di Virologia Vegetale, CNR, Strada delle Cacce, 73, I-10135 Torino, Italy. E-mail: [email protected] Elena Gonella, DIVAPRA – Entomologia e Zoologia applícate all’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Torino, Italy, via Leonardo da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco (Torino), Italy. E-mail: [email protected] vii viii Contributors Hugh Harries, Centro de Investigación Científi ca de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico and 2 Beech Road, Broadway, Weymouth, Dorset DT3 5NP, UK. E-mail: harrieshc@ yahoo.com Jennifer Hodgetts, University of Nottingham, School of Biosciences, Plant Sciences Division, Sutton Bonington campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK. E-mail: [email protected] Saskia A. Hogenhout, Department of Disease and Stress Biology, The John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK. E-mail: [email protected] Barbara Jarausch, RLP AgroScience GmbH, AlPlanta, Fruit Crop Diseases, Breitenweg 71, 67435 Neustadt, Germany. E-mail: barbara.jarausch@ agroscience.rlp.de Wolfgang Jarausch, RLP AgroScience GmbH, AlPlanta, Fruit Crop Diseases, Breitenweg 71, 67435 Neustadt, Germany. E-mail: wolfgang.jarausch@ agroscience.rlp.de Phil Jones, Rothamsted Research, UK. E-mail: [email protected] Shigeyuki Kakizawa, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, University of Tokyo, 1-1-11 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8657, Tokyo, Japan. E-mail: [email protected] Ing-Ming Lee, Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Rm 218, Bldg. 004, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. E-mail: ingming. [email protected] Michael Maixner, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Brüningstraße 84, D-54470 Bernkastel-Kues, Germany. E-mail: Michael. [email protected] Carmine Marcone, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Salerno, via Ponte Don Melillo, I-84084 Fisciano (Salerno), Italy. E-mail: [email protected] Cristina Marzachì, Istituto di Virologia Vegetale, CNR, Strada delle Cacce, 73, I-10135 Torino, Italy. E-mail: [email protected] Rita Musetti, Dipartimento di Biologia e Protezione delle Piante, Università di Udine, via delle Scienze, 208, 33100 Udine, Italy. E-mail: Rita.Musetti@uniud. it Shigetou Namba, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, University of Tokyo, 1-1-11 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8657, Tokyo, Japan. E-mail: [email protected] Kenro Oshima, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, University of Tokyo, 1-1-11 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8657, Tokyo, Japan. E-mail: [email protected] Noura Raddadi, DIVAPRA – Entomologia e Zoologia applicate all’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Torino, Italy, via Leonardo da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco (Torino), Italy. E-mail: [email protected] Yaima Arocha Rosete, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom and: CABI-Europe, Bakeham Lane, Egham TW20 9TY, UK. E-mail: [email protected] Contributors ix Erich Seemüller, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Schwabenheimer Str. 101, 69221 Dossenheim, Germany. E-mail: Erich. [email protected] Martina Seruga Music, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Marulicev trg 9A, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia. E-mail: martina@ botanic.hr Wei Wei, Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Rm 213, Bldg. 004, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. E-mail: wei.wei@ars. usda.gov Phyllis G. Weintraub, Agricultural Research Organization, Gilat Research Center, D.N. Negev, 85280, Israel. E-mail: [email protected] Michael R. Wilson, Entomology Section, Department of Biodiversity & Systematic Biology, National Museum of Wales, Cardiff, CF10 3NP, UK. E-mail: mike. [email protected] Yan Zhao, Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Rm 213, Bldg. 004, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. E-mail: yan.zhao@ ars.usda.gov Preface Since their discovery in 1967 as ‘mycoplasma-like organisms’, the phytoplas- mas have quickly become established as a unique group of plant pathogens. Diseases, frequently called ‘yellows’, have been known since the late 1800s; originally thought to be associated with viruses, many are now known to be caused by phytoplasmas. During the 1970s, research