Natascha Katharina Wieser Causes and Development Impacts of the Tourism Boom exemplified by Nazaré Master´s Thesis to be awarded the degree of Master of Arts in Global Studies at the University of Graz, Austria supervised by Univ. Prof. Dr. phil. Werner Piller Earth Science Department Graz, February 2019 Author´s Declaration Unless otherwise indicated in the text or references, or acknowledged above, this thesis is entirely the product of my own scholarly work. Any inaccuracies of fact or faults in reasoning are my own and accordingly I take full responsibility. This thesis has not been submitted either in whole or part, for a degree at this or any other university or institution. This is to certify that the printed version is equivalent to the submitted electronic one. II Table of Contents Table of Figures..................................................................................................................................... IV 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Tourism in Portugal ................................................................................................................. 4 1.2 Surf Tourism ............................................................................................................................ 6 1.3 Introduction of Big-Wave Surfing ............................................................................................ 8 1.3.1 Big-Wave Surfing ............................................................................................................. 8 1.3.2 Tow – in Surfing ............................................................................................................... 9 1.3.3 Motivational aspects of Big Wave Surfing ..................................................................... 10 1.3.4 Surf Sites ........................................................................................................................ 11 2. Causes of the tourism boom in Nazaré .......................................................................................... 13 2.1 Geographical conditions ........................................................................................................ 13 2.1.1 Landscape of Nazaré ..................................................................................................... 13 2.1.2 The Nazaré Canyon ........................................................................................................ 20 2.1.3 The Evolution of Surfing Waves .................................................................................... 27 2.2 Anthropogenic Interventions and Big Wave Surfing in Nazaré ............................................. 30 2.2.1 Nazaré’s Media Campaign and the Town Council ......................................................... 30 3. Impacts of the Tourism Boom in Nazaré ...................................................................................... 41 3.1 Social Impacts of the Tourism Boom ..................................................................................... 42 3.1.1 Social Intrusions effecting Nazaré ................................................................................. 45 3.1.2 Limits of the social carrying capacity ............................................................................. 50 3.2 Environmental Impacts of the Tourism Boom ...................................................................... 53 3.2.1 Adoption and Interventions of the environmental challenges in Nazaré ..................... 54 3.2.2 The importance of environmental indicators to surf sites ............................................ 61 3.3 Economic Impacts of Tourism Boom ..................................................................................... 63 3.3.1 Impact of the giant waves’ campaign on the local economy – the GULBENKIAN report 64 3.3.2 Difficulties of the Fishing Sector .................................................................................... 69 3.3.3 Local effects ................................................................................................................... 73 3.4 Future Prospects and Sustainable Tourism ........................................................................... 74 4. Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 77 5. List of Cited Literature .................................................................................................................. 79 6. Apprendix ...................................................................................................................................... 85 III Table of Figures Figure 1: (left) WWTC. 2017. “Economic Impact 2017: Portugal.” Accessed November 20, 2018. Source: https://www.wttc.org/-/media/files/reports/economic-impact-research/countries- 2017/portugal2017.pdf ............................................................................................................................ 5 Figure 2: (right) WWTC. 2017. “Economic Impact 2017: Portugal.” Accessed November 20, 2018. Source: https://www.wttc.org/-/media/files/reports/economic-impact-research/countries- 2017/portugal2017.pdf ............................................................................................................................ 5 Figure 3: Dinis, J.L., V. Henriques, M.C. Freitags, C. Andrade and P. Costa. 2006. “Natural to anthropogenic forcing in the Holocene evolution of three coastal lagoons. Quarternary International Vol 150. Elsevier Inc: 43 ....................................................................................................................... 15 Figure 4: Dinis, J.L., V. Henriques, M.C. Freitags, C. Andrade and P. Costa. 2006. “Natural to anthropogenic forcing in the Holocene evolution of three coastal lagoons. Quarternary International Vol 150. Elsevier Inc: 42 ....................................................................................................................... 17 Figure 5: Pais, Joao, Pedro P. Cunha, Diamantino Pereira, Paulo Legoinha, Rúben Dias, Delminda Moura, António Brum Da Silva, J.C. Kulberg and J.A. González-Delgade. 2012. “The Paleogene and Neogene of Western Iberia (Portugal): A Cenozoic Record in the European Atlantic Domain. SpringerBriefs in Earth Sciences. Springer, Berlin: 79. ........................................................................ 18 Figure 6: Allin, Joshua R., James E. Hunt, Peter J. Talling, Michael A. Clare, Ed Pope and Douglas G. Masson. 2015. “Different frequencies and triggers of canyon filling and flushing events in Nazaré Canyon, offshore Portugal.” Marine Geology 371: 91 .......................................................................... 21 Figure 7: Huvenne, Veerle A.I., Abigail D.C. Pattenden, Douglas G. Masson and Paul A. Tyler. 2012. “Habitat Heterogeneity in the Nazaré Deep-Sea Canyon Offshore Portugal.” Seafloor Geomorphology as Benthic Habitat. Elsevier Inc: 696. ................................................................................................... 26 Figure 8: Hydrographic Institute n.d. “Ondas gigantes na Praia do Norte na Nazaré.” Accessed June 9, 2018. Source: http://www.hidrografico.ph/noticia-onda-praia-norte.php ............................................. 29 Figure 9: We are social. 2018. “Statistic about the distribution of worldwide social media users.” Accessed November 10, 2018. Source: https://digitalreport.wearesocial.com/ .................................... 36 Figure 10: Photo: ToMane. “Garrett McNamara riding the waves of Nazaré 2013". Accessed August 20, 2018. Source: http://time.com/3796323/surfs-way-up-garrett-mcnamara-claims-to-ride-record- wave-in-portugal/. ................................................................................................................................. 40 Figure 11: Zaidan, Esmat A. and Jason Kovacs. 2017. “Resident Attitudes Towards Tourists and Tourism Growth: A Case Study From the Middle East, Dubai in United Arab Emirates.” European Journal of Sustainable Development 6: 297. ......................................................................................... 51 Figure 12: Martin, Steven Andra. 2013. “Surf Resource Sustainability Index for Surf Site Conservation and Tourism Management.” PhD diss. In Environmental Management. Prince of Songkla University: 59 .......................................................................................................................... 61 Figure 13: Google 2018 “Google Trends: “Nazaré big waves”.” Accessed September 10, 2018. Source: https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=2008-11-29%202018-11- 29&q=Nazar%C3%A9%20big%20waves ............................................................................................ 64 Figure 14: Cunha-e-Sá, Maria A., Rita Freitag, Luis C. Nunes and Vladimir Otrachshenko. 2017. “Surfar as ondas gigantes da Nazaré.” Lisbon: Fundacao Calouse Gulbenkian: 6. .............................. 67 Figure 15: Cunha-e-Sá, Maria A., Rita Freitag, Luis C. Nunes and Vladimir Otrachshenko. 2017. “Surfar as ondas gigantes da Nazaré.” Lisbon: Fundacao Calouse Gulbenkian: 7. .............................. 68 IV 1. Introduction The surfing- and travelling-industry is one of the most important services sectors worldwide and social media platforms are flushed with images of riders on big waves. Portugal is