POTENTIAL OF LIGHT RAIL IN INDIA ABHISHEK HALDAR CONTENTS 1 • BACKGROUND LITERATURE • EVOLUTION OF LRTS • WHAT IS LRTS? • CHARACTERISTICS OF LRTS • NEED OF STUDY • RESEARCH QUESTION & OBJECTIVES • METHODOLOGY • SCOPE & LIMITATION Houston LRT, Source: Lightrailnow.org • DECLINE OF TRAMS IN INDIA • SUCCESS PARAMETERS AND ENABLING FACTORS – LITERATURE • INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDIES • SUCCESS PARAMETERS AND ENABLING FACTORS – ANALYSIS • POTENTIAL IN INDIAN CITIES Barcelona LRT, Source: railforthevalley.wordpress.com BACKGROUND LITERATURE EVOLUTION OF LRTS 2 Source: Urban Transit Systems and Technology, Vukan R. Vuchic The Revolution in Light Rail, Michael Barry http://www.princeton.edu/~alaink/Orf467F13/Orf467F13_Evolution_of_ Transport_Technology_2013 LONDONBERLIN HANNOVER FRANCE NEW YORK • Trams / streetcar are rail based vehicles, running on street competing with other mixed traffic, for urban public transportation. Mostly operated for intra city services. • Rising problems of motor vehicles lead to their re-introduction as Light rail (American) / Modern tram (Europe) with better operational and service characteristics to compete with the services provided by privateHorse vehicle.drawn tramways / street railway vs Electric Horse drawn omnibus streetcar + In 1798, horse + In 1832, horse drawn street railway in + Vehicle size upgraded to 4 axle, 16 + Era of coaches 160 drawn omnibuses New York; lower friction by rail mts long by 1920. + In 1694, 700 140 In 1850s, grooved rails introduced in coaches licensed start in London; + + 1930s, increasing popularity in private 120 North America. in London higher cap. ~ 14 vehicles and buses. World War led to pass. 100 + Europe’s strict regulation hindered major development of motors + Only for inter 80 unconstrained development. city trips. + First time used in vehicles. intra city60 trips in + North America’s unconstrained + Most cities close down tram / Montbrison,40 development led tramways to grow streetcar by 1950s-1960s. France.Registrations Automobile over 4000 km. Oil crisis in 1973. 20 + + In 1881, electric streetcar in Berlin. Source:+ In 1975, first LRTS opens in Hannover. 0 17 th Century 18th Century 19th Century1970 1980 1990 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Source: http://www.doubledecker-bus.com/wp-content20th Century T he_last_of_the_Horse_Drawn_Carriages.JPG/uploads /2009 /11 /Horse -Drawn -Omnibus.jpg BACKGROUND LITERATURE WHAT IS LRTS? 3 • A rail based urban transportation system. • A mode utilizing predominantly ROW B, sometimes A • Flexible and can travel around sharp curves , on steep and exceptionally C category. Category A & B generally gradients and along streets . amount to 70% to 90% of the total network. • Electric traction with overhead current collection. • Can operate as two to four car trains . • A simple system with barrier less fare system , simple stops • Track crossings of street have priority in signal control. and one person driven vehicles. • Uses modern high capacity vehicles which are lighter than • Stops/stations are separated from the roadway , and heavy rail . These can be articulated and are skirted for have passenger protection, amenities and information . • streetLight rail running. transit system, which has evolved from trams, acts as a transitory• Vehicles system have frommultiple a normal doorstransit to low a rapid floors transit or high • Principallysystem. reserved running in cases of street running . platforms for quick exchange . • ThereWhile it can may be runsegregated with mixed high traffic speed for runningcertain porthroughtions of the its network, majority of its network is segregated to provide a faster service. Other service characteristics of light rail transit system• likeHigh high quality frequency, ROW, forhigh possible reliabilityconversion and quick to transfers automated suburbs. guideway . set it apart from the trams / streetcar system. • With further connectivitySource: Theinto Revolution suburbs, in Lightit can Rail, be Michael converted Barry to a full scale segregatedSource: Urban system. Transit Systems and Technology, Vukan R. Vuchic Light rail transit is a mode of urban transportation that uses Light rail is a rail borne form of transport which can be predominantly reserved, but not necessarily grade-separated, developed in stages from a modern tramway to a form of right of way. Electrically propelled rail vehicles operate singly transport operating underground or on viaducts. Each stage or in trains. Light rail transit provides a wide range of of development can be the final stage, but should permit passenger capacities and performance characteristics at further development to the next higher stage . moderate costs . Source: Light Rail Transit Committee, Source: First report of Light Rail Commission, UITP Transportation Research Board BACKGROUND LITERATURE CHARACTERISTICS OF LRTS 4 Minimum operating units 1 (4 - 10 axle) Minimum radius of curvature (m) 20 Maximum no. of cars 2 - 4 (6 - 8 axle) Maximum gradient (%) 15 Vehicle length (m) 14-54 ROW (m) 12.5 Floor height Low (350 mm) / high Acceleration (m/sec 2) 1 Vehicle capacity 25-80 Deceleration (m/sec 2) 1.3 Design Characteristics Design Vehicle Characteristics Vehicle Vehicle capacity (seating+standing) 110-350 Emergency braking (m/sec2) 3 Exclusive ROW (%) 40-90 Maximum operating speed (km/hr) 60 - 120 Lane width (m): one way 3.3 - 3.65 Normal Operating speed (km/hr) 18 - 50 Fare collection On board / Off board Capacity (persons/hr) 6,000 - 20,000 Gauge (mm) 1435 Typical route length (km) 10 - 40 At grade / Elevated / Segregation Capital costs (Rs. Cr/ km.) 50 - 150 Underground Fixed Facilities Fixed Good CBD Power supply Overhead Network and area coverage coverage & major Operation Characteristics Operation nodes Station spacing (m) 300-1,600 Line length (km) 10 - 90 Source: Urban Transit Systems and Technology, Vukan R. Vuchic ; The Revolution in Light Rail, Michael Barry NEED OF STUDY 5 Bombay Trams (1874 – 1964) KolkataKolkata Trams Trams (since (2013) 1881) • 1st modern tram to become operational in Dholera , 800-sq km industrial city coming Trams likely to up near Gulf of Cambay in Gujarat , on the Delhi-Mumbai industrial corridor. reappear in new avatar in upcoming • Other potential locations for these industrial cities are between Indore and smart cities. [2010] Pithampur in Madhya Pradesh and between Manesar and Bawel in Haryana . - http://articles.economi ctimes.indiatimes.com/ • New industrial cities would be named 'smart cities‘ - Rajinder Pal Singh, former secretary of department of industrial policy and promotion . TRAMS IN INDIA • The ministry will shortly begin a trial-run in a tier II city before taking the vintage-era Ministry plans to transportation system to other cities and connecting the tramways with major bus introduce trams and railway stations – Kamal Nath, former minister, urban development. in mid-size cities [2013] - http://www.live • Cities can start preparing detailed project reports for tramways as they will be mint.com// financed under the second phase – S.K. Lohia, former OSD, MoUD. Madras Trams (1895 - 1953) Delhi Trams (1908 - 1963) Source: tramz.com/tva/in.html, Team-bhp.com NEED OF STUDY 6 TRAMS CLOSED/REOPENED AS LIGHT RAIL Bergen Trams (1965) Bergen Trams (2013) IN OTHER CITIES • Are light rail transit systems a success or failure for cities? • Do any factors govern the success of light rail in cities? Paris Trams (1910)(2013) Athens Trams (1977) Athens Trams (2013) RESEARCH QUESTION & OBJECTIVES 7 Research Question: With world trend following revamping of tramways, what are the opportunities and challenges for LRTS in India? Objectives : To analyze factors leading to the closure of tramways in India. To identify and assess factors responsible for the revival and success of LRTS in international cities. To explore prospects of LRTS in Indian cities based on the identified factors. METHODOLOGY 8 OBJECTI Literature on VE 2 success Identify case studies with OBJECTIVE parameters and successfully running LRTS enabling factors of LRT Literature1 on decline of trams in India Analyze relationship between SET OF ENABLING success parameters and FACTORS enabling factors OBJECTI Factors leading to its failure VE 3 Analyze these Opportunities and challenges factors for top ten faced by chosen Indian cities million plus Indian cities Suggest measures to overcome these challenges SCOPE & LIMITATION 9 Scope: Study explore into factors that can act as pre requisite enablers of light rail systems in cities. These factors can be used to assess other cities as well, although any unique characteristics of the city should be kept in mind. Limitation: Study is based on secondary data of the case studies primarily depending on articles, reports and journals. Due to limitation of time and data availability, only physical aspects of LRTS have been looked into. Many other factors which may be political, social or economic in nature have not been looked into. DECLINE OF TRAMS IN INDIA 10 KOLKATA TRAMS • 1881, Calcutta Tramways Company set up. • 1902, First electric car was run. • 1947, partition renders Govt. of West Bengal as ultimate authority for local transport. • 1948, Govt. of West Bengal starts first bus service. • Calcutta Tramways Act, 1951 – Retention of 96% of post tax profit in a special reserved account for the use of Govt. of West Bengal to purchase the tramways after the concession ends. • 1960 s, CTC faces financial crisis paying taxes both in England and India . • Calcutta Tramways Act, 1967 – Govt.