UNIVERSITAT AUTÒNOMA DE BARCELONA Departament de Comunicació Audiovisual i Publicitat Continguts de Comunicació a l'Era Digital and NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF KYIV-MOHYLA ACADEMY Mohyla School of Journalism (Joint PhD Program) Doctoral Thesis REPRESENTATION OF ‘EUROPE’ IN THE MEDIATIZED DISCOURSE OF UKRAINIAN POLITICAL ELITES By Dariya Orlova Supervisors: Dr. Volodymyr Kulyk, National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy Dr. Natividad Ramajo Hernández, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I wish to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisors, Dr. Volodymyr Kulyk and Dr. Nati Ramajo, whose instructive and insightful comments guided and motivated my work on the thesis. I am deeply indebted to them for their academic assistance and intellectual support. I am also extremely grateful to Dr. Alexander Motyl whose advice at the earlier stages of my research suggested a great incentive to move on with my project. My special thanks go to the Mohyla School of Journalism and its director Dr. Yevhen Fedchenko for their ambitious endeavor to develop PhD studies in Mass Communications in Ukraine. I am also thankful to the Rinat Akhmetov’s Foundation for Development of Ukraine for their generous financial support throughout my studies. I was very happy to be hosted by the Departament de Comunicació Audiovisual i Publicitat of the UAB. My warm words of gratitude go to Dr. Virginia Luzón and Dr. Carles Llorens Maluquer for their attention and assistance with all kinds of administrative procedures. I am also indebted to Andriy Shyrochenkov and Heorhiy Tykhy from the Savik Shuster Studio for their openness and cooperativeness, which significantly facilitated my work. My final words of deepest gratitude go to my beloved husband, whose care and patience virtually know no limits. It is his unconditional support that made this thesis possible. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1........................................................................................................................ 6 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 2...................................................................................................................... 10 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY ...................................................... 10 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 10 2.2 The Notion of ‘Discourse’ ....................................................................................... 10 2.3 Discourse, Text and Context ................................................................................... 13 2.4 CDA and Power Relations ....................................................................................... 16 2.5 Discourse and Identity ............................................................................................ 18 2.6 Nations as Imagined Communities. The Role of Media in Construction of Nations ........................................................................................................................... 24 2.7 Television Talk Shows. Hybridity of Genre ............................................................ 26 2.8 Talk Shows and Public Sphere ................................................................................ 28 2.9 Television Talk Shows and Mediatization of Politics .............................................. 30 2.10 Talk Shows: Implications for the Study ................................................................ 32 CHAPTER 3...................................................................................................................... 34 CONTEXT OF THE STUDY ........................................................................................... 34 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 34 3.2 Media System and Media Developments in the Independent Ukraine ................. 34 3.3 Savik Shuster’s Talk Show on Ukrainian Television: Format, Popularity, Impact ............................................................................................................................ 46 3.3.1 Shuster’s talk show: development of the program and chronicle of TV relocations . 48 3.3.2 Format of the Shuster’s talk show, its modifications and implications for the discursive practice ........................................................................................................... 52 3.3.3 Interaction within a host-guests-audience triangle: power relations behind the talk show setting .................................................................................................................... 54 3.3.4 Format’s implications for the discursive interaction and reception of the talk show. 57 3.4 Europe as a Reference Point for Ukrainian Society ............................................... 61 3.4.1 ‘Europe’ in the discourse of Ukrainian intellectuals: implications for national identity construction .................................................................................................................... 62 3.4.1.1 Ukraine between ‘East’ and ‘West’ ...................................................................... 63 3.4.4.2 ‘Return to Europe’ ............................................................................................... 65 3.4.4.3 Europe in the discourse of Ukrainian anti-Westernists ......................................... 69 3.5 Policy of European Integration and Ukraine's Official Discourse on Europe ...... 71 3.5.1 Ukraine’s independence and establishment of relations with the European Union ... 71 3.5.2 The Orange Revolution, reinvigoration of the ‘European choice’ and post-Orange developments of relations with the EU ............................................................................ 75 3.5.3 ‘European choice’, public opinion and identity matters ........................................... 80 CHAPTER 4...................................................................................................................... 84 METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY ............................................ 84 4.1 CDA as a Methodological Foundation of the Study ............................................... 84 4.1.1 Principles, analytical models and instruments of the CDA employed in the study ... 86 4.2 Research Strategy and Process ............................................................................... 91 4.2.1 Data selection and sampling ................................................................................... 92 4.2.2 Contextualization ................................................................................................... 95 4.2.3 Textual analysis ...................................................................................................... 96 4.2.4 Analysis of discursive practice, socio-cultural practice and orders of discourse ....... 98 4.2.5 Limitations of the study ........................................................................................ 101 CHAPTER 5.................................................................................................................... 103 ANALYSIS OF REPRESENTATIONS OF ‘EUROPE’ IN THE DISCOURSE OF UKRAINIAN POLITICAL ELITES. THE CASE OF SAVIK SHUSTER’S POLITICAL TV TALK SHOW............................................................................................................ 103 5.1 General Overview .................................................................................................. 103 5.1.1 Europe, European Union, the West and ‘abroad’ ................................................... 104 5.1.2 Personification of Europe ..................................................................................... 107 5.2 Thematic Structure of References to ‘Europe’. Frames of References Employed in the Construction of ‘Europe’ ...................................................................................... 108 5.2.1 Europe as a geographical entity ............................................................................ 109 5.2.2 Europe as a model and a source of norm(s) ............................................................ 110 5.2.2.1 Europe as a model: knowledge and identity of ‘Europe’ behind the frame ........... 113 5.2.2.2 Europe as a model: implications for construction of relations between Ukraine and Europe ........................................................................................................................... 117 5.2.2.3 Discursive practice guiding employment of ‘Europe as a model’ frame .............. 120 5.2.2.4 ‘Europe as a model’ frame beyond the analyzed discourse ................................. 122 5.2.3 ‘Europe as an advanced civilization’ frame ........................................................... 126 5.2.3.1 Perception and identity of Europe within an ‘advanced civilization’ frame......... 127 5.2.3.2 ‘Europe as an advanced civilization’. Implications for relations between Ukraine and Europe ................................................................................................................... 132 5.2.3.3 Discursive practice and socio-cultural context behind ‘Europe as an advanced civilization’ frame.......................................................................................................... 134 5.2.3.4 Europe as a civilization: