27/9/2018 Maconellicoccus hirsutus (pink hibiscus mealybug) (/ISC/) Invasive Species Compendium Detailed coverage of invasive species threatening livelihoods and the environment worldwide Filter by type Search Datasheet Additional resources (/ISC/datasheet/additionalresources/40171? scientificName=Maconellicoccus%20hirsutus) Maconellicoccus hirsutus (pink hibiscus mealybug) Toolbox Horizon Scanning Tool (https://www.cabi.org/HorizonScanningTool) Mobile Apps (https://play.google.com/store/apps/dev?id=8227528954463674373&hl=en_GB) Country Pest Alerts (https://www.plantwise.org/KnowledgeBank/PestAlertsSignUp.aspx) Datasheet Maconellicoccus hirsutus (pink hibiscus mealybug) Index Pictures Identity Summary of Invasiveness Taxonomic Tree Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature Description https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/40171Distribution 1/39 27/9/2018 Distribution Table Maconellicoccus hirsutus (pink hibiscus mealybug) History of Introduction and Spread Risk of Introduction Habitat Hosts/Species Affected Host Plants and Other Plants Affected Growth Stages Symptoms List of Symptoms/Signs Biology and Ecology Natural enemies Notes on Natural Enemies Means of Movement and Dispersal Pathway Vectors Plant Trade Wood Packaging Impact Summary Impact Environmental Impact Social Impact Diagnosis Detection and Inspection Similarities to Other Species/Conditions Prevention and Control References Distribution Maps Summary Last modified 25 July 2018 Datasheet Type(s) Invasive Species Pest Natural Enemy Preferred Scientific Name Maconellicoccus hirsutus Preferred Common Name pink hibiscus mealybug More information Taxonomic Tree Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Metazoa Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Uniramia Class: Insecta Summary of Invasiveness M. hirsutus is highly invasive if More information introduced in the absence of its natural enemies, as demonstrated by its rapid spread through the Caribbean Islands and beyond in spite of plant quarantine https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/40171 2/39 27/9/2018 strengthening throughout the Maconellicoccus hirsutus (pink hibiscus mealybug) region. Without natural control... More... Don't need the entire report? Generate a print friendly version containing only the sections you need. Generate report (/ISC/datasheetreport/40171) https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/40171 3/39 27/9/2018 Maconellicoccus hirsutus (pink hibiscus mealybug) Pictures Top of page Picture Title Caption Copyright Females Maconellicoccus hirsutus (pink hibiscus ©Florida Division of Plant Industry/Florida Department mealybug); adult females. Laboratory spe of Agriculture and Consumer Services/Bugwood.org - cimens. USA CC BY 3.0 US Field Maconellicoccus hirsutus (pink hibiscus ©Jeffrey W. Lotz/Florida Division of Plant infestation mealybug); adult females in a field infest Industry/Florida Department of Agriculture and ation. USA Consumer Services/Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 US Male Maconellicoccus hirsutus (pink hibiscus ©Florida Division of Plant Industry/Florida Department mealybug); adult male, in a field infestati of Agriculture and Consumer Services/Bugwood.org - on. USA. CC BY 3.0 US Field Maconellicoccus hirsutus (pink hibiscus ©Florida Division of Plant Industry/Florida Department infestation mealybug); field infestation. USA. of Agriculture and Consumer Services/Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 US Field Maconellicoccus hirsutus (pink hibiscus ©Florida Division of Plant Industry/Florida Department infestation mealybug); field infestation. USA. of Agriculture and Consumer Services/Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 US Infestation Maconellicoccus hirsutus (pink hibiscus ©Florida Division of Plant Industry/Florida Department mealybug); infestation, in laboratory. US of Agriculture and Consumer Services/Bugwood.org - A. CC BY 3.0 US Damage Maconellicoccus hirsutus (pink hibiscus ©Florida Division of Plant Industry/Florida Department mealybug); foliar damage, from a field inf of Agriculture and Consumer Services/Bugwood.org - estation. USA. CC BY 3.0 US Field Maconellicoccus hirsutus (pink hibiscus ©Florida Division of Plant Industry/Florida Department infestation mealybug); field infestation on Hibiscus s of Agriculture and Consumer Services/Bugwood.org - pp. USA. CC BY 3.0 US Female Maconellicoccus hirsutus (pink hibiscus ©Alessandra Rung/Scale Insects/USDA APHIS mealybug); adult female, ventral view. Sli ITP/Bugwood.org - CC BY-NC 3.0 US de mounted specimen. Female Maconellicoccus hirsutus (pink hibiscus ©CAB International mealybug); adult female, diagrammatic vi ew. https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/40171 4/39 27/9/2018 Maconellicoccus hirsutus (pink hibiscus mealybug) Identity Top of page Preferred Scientific Name Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green, 1908) Preferred Common Name pink hibiscus mealybug Other Scientific Names Maconellicoccus pasaniae (Borchsenius) Tang, 1992 Maconellicoccus perforatus (DeLotto) DeLotto, 1964 Paracoccus pasaniae Borchsenius, 1962 Phenacoccus glomeratus Green, 1922 Phenacoccus hirsutus Green, 1908 Phenacoccus quaternus Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1921 Pseudococcus hibisci Hall, 1921 Spilococcus perforatus De Lotto, 1954 International Common Names English: hibiscus mealybug; hirsutus mealybug; pink mealybug French: cochenille de l'Hibiscus Local Common Names Germany: Schmierlaus, Hibiscus- India: grape mealybug; mulberry mealybug EPPO code PHENHI (Maconellicoccus hirsutus) Summary of Invasiveness Top of page M. hirsutus is highly invasive if introduced in the absence of its natural enemies, as demonstrated by its rapid spread through the Caribbean Islands and beyond in spite of plant quarantine strengthening throughout the region. Without natural controls it had a devastating impact on the agriculture, natural forests and tourism of Grenada (Peters and Watson, 1999), damaging foreign exchange, trade in agricultural products, and the local ecology and water economy. Taxonomic Tree Top of page Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Metazoa Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Uniramia Class: Insecta Order: Hemiptera Suborder: Sternorrhyncha Unknown: Coccoidea Family: Pseudococcidae Genus: Maconellicoccus Species: Maconellicoccus hirsutus https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/40171 5/39 27/9/2018 Maconellicoccus hirsutus (pink hibiscus mealybug) Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature Top of page Maconellicoccus hirsutus was described from India as Phenacoccus hirsutus by Green (1908). Ezzat (1958) subsequently designated it as the type species of the genus Maconellicoccus. Williams (1996) says the genus currently consists of eight species (native to Australia (4), Africa (1), southern Asia (2) and Nepal (1)). Description Top of page Crawlers (0.3 mm long) are pink. Immature females and newly matured females have greyish-pink bodies dusted with mealy white wax. The adult female is 2.5-4 mm long, soft-bodied, elongate oval and slightly flattened; on maturation, she begins to secrete sticky, elastic, white wax filaments from her abdomen to form a protective ovisac for her eggs. As her pinkish-grey body fills with salmon-pink eggs it assumes a pink colour, but this is often not immediately visible because the entire colony tends to become covered by white, waxy ovisac material. When the sticky ovisac wax is parted with a needle, clusters of pink eggs and pink to grey females become visible. On microscopic examination of slide-mounted females, the combination of 9-segmented antennae, anal lobe bars, numerous dorsal oral rim ducts on all parts of the body except the limbs and long, flagellate dorsal setae make the species fairly easy to recognize in parts of the world where other Maconellicoccus species do not occur. Males have one pair of very simple wings, long antennae, white wax filaments projecting posteriorly and lack mouthparts. Distribution Top of page M. hirsutus is probably native to southern Asia (Williams, 1996) and has been accidentally introduced to other parts of the world (most recently to North America (California, Florida and Mexico) and the Caribbean, where it has spread to more than 25 territories and is still extending its range (Kairo et al., 2000)). It occurs as far north as Lebanon, so there is no reason why it should not be able to colonize the southern USA, southern Europe and parts of the Middle East where it is not yet known (for example, Israel). Green's (1908) description included material from Tasmania, but this is now regarded as a separate species, M. tasmaniae (Williams, 1985). Further notes on the list of countries: Within the British Virgin Islands M. hirsutus has been recorded on Tortola (CABI/EPPO, 1997) and Virgin Gorda and St. Thomas (Natural History Museum collection, London, UK). M. hirsutus is also present on St. Barthelemy, Guadeloupe (Etienne et al., 1988). The records for Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, come from the Lesser Sunda Islands (CABI/EPPO, 1997) and Lombok (Williams, 1996). An erroneous record for Algeria in Ben-Dov (1994) was based on a misinterpretation of Balachowsky (1926), which mentioned the threat to Algeria posed by M. hirsutus. This was taken up in the CABI/EPPO (1997) distribution map and previous editions of the Compendium. A record of M. hirsutus in Zambia (Williams, 1996; CABI/EPPO, 2004) published in previous versions of the Compendium was erroneous. Williams (1996) mentions Zambia in the distribution list for M. hirsutus, but this is based on a record of interception of the pest in Chicago, USA, and is considered invalid as a record of M. hirsutus in Zambia. There is no record of M. hirsutus in Zambia in CABI/EPPO (2004). https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/40171 6/39 27/9/2018 Maconellicoccus hirsutus (pink hibiscus mealybug)