Chile’s Forestry Industry, FSC Certification and Mapuche Communities Research Coordinators Rosamel Millaman and Charles Hale Research Team José Aylwin, Margarita Canio, Yerko Castillo, Héctor Nahuelpan, Carlos Oyarzun, Rubén Sánchez Consultants Martin Correa and Juliana Paula Vidal Collaborators Ximena Ancamil Huentemil.1 Translator Paul Salter Administration Newen Mapuche Development and Technical Consultation NGO and Teresa Lozano Long Institute of Latin American Studies, University of Texas at Austin 9th November 2016 1 Pablo Huaiquilao participated as forestry advisor, at the request of FSC International. Table of Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 5 Methodology ............................................................................................................................... 6 General Overview: A Region in Conflict ...................................................................................... 9 The Roots of the Conflict .......................................................................................................... 12 The State and the Forestry Companies in the Study ................................................................ 18 Principal Findings of the Study ................................................................................................. 20 Mapuche Outlook for the Future .............................................................................................. 23 Chapter 1 – Mapuche Rakizuam: Mapuche Thought in the Four Lof Mapu ................................ 25 The Lof Mapu in the Context of the Social and Political Structure of the Mapuche ................ 25 Meli Lof Mapu Mew: Inside the Territories .............................................................................. 31 Key Components of the Lof Mapu ............................................................................................ 34 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................... 36 Chapter 2 – The Mapuche People, the Chilean State and the Forestry Industry: Historical Perspectives ................................................................................................................... 39 Civilisation versus savagery, cleared lands versus forest: the military occupation ................. 40 Mapuche Reduction, Loss of Native Forest and State Incentives for Forestry Activity ........... 42 The Mapuche and the Chilean Land Reform ............................................................................ 48 Dictatorship in Mapuche Territory ........................................................................................... 53 Post-Dictatorship Legislative Framework and State Policy on Forestry Plantations ................ 56 Regulatory Framework and Public Policy Regarding the Mapuche since 1989 ....................... 62 Unrest, Social Protest and State Response ............................................................................... 67 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................... 75 Chapter 3 – The history of the Lof Mapu in Four Localities ......................................................... 78 Colonial Appropriation and the Títulos de Merced in Lleu Lleu: Origins of Dissent ................. 80 Ancestral Lands on the Arauco Coast ................................................................................... 80 Privately Owned Property in Lleu Lleu and the Mapuche Territorial Reduction ................. 82 The Land Reform in Arauco: Hacienda Tranaquepe ............................................................. 90 The Lands of the Lleu Lleu Lof and the Current Situation .................................................... 91 Hope Renewed and Destroyed: The Land Reform in Luikura-Reñico: ..................................... 92 The Ancestral Lands .............................................................................................................. 92 Resettlement and Reduction on the Plains of Lumaco ........................................................ 93 Land Reform and Counter-Reform on the Lumaco Plains .................................................... 94 The Lumaco Plains and the Current Situation .................................................................... 100 Adjudication of Territorial Claims: The Paradigmatic Case of Temulemu .............................. 101 The Temulemu Lof and the Ancestral Lands ...................................................................... 101 Resettlement, Reduction and the Formation of Private Property in Temulemu ............... 102 Conflict and the Territorial Claim in Temulemu ................................................................. 105 Temulemu and the Land Reform ........................................................................................ 106 The Community of Temulemu and the Current Situation .................................................. 107 2 Mañiuko Lof Mapu: Historical Background, Legal-Political Implications, Future Plans ......... 110 "Before the Chileans arrived (...) these territories belonged to our grandparents" .......... 110 "They gave us what was left over": War, Colonisation and Reduction .............................. 114 Transfer of Mapuche lands "from weñefe to weñefe" during dictatorship and democracy .................................................................................................................... 119 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 126 Chapter 4 – Environmental Impacts of Exotic Forestry Plantations ........................................... 128 Effects on Water Quantity and Quality ................................................................................... 128 Summary of Western Scientific Knowledge............................................................................ 130 Systemic Approach and Problems of Scale ............................................................................. 131 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 134 Chapter 5 – The Forestry Companies and Certification .............................................................. 138 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 138 Brief History of the FSC in Chile (1993-2015) ......................................................................... 140 The Impact of Certification on Company Culture and Practices ............................................ 144 Interculturality and Institutional Racism ................................................................................ 148 The Companies and the Certification Process ........................................................................ 153 The FSC as an Organisation: the Chambers, the Chilean Board and FSC International ......... 157 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 159 Chapter 6 – The FSC Standard and (Non-)Compliance in Chile .................................................. 161 The Current FSC Standard in Chile and the Rights of Indigenous Peoples ............................. 161 (Non-)Compliance to FSC Standards Regarding Rights of Indigenous Peoples ...................... 167 Challenges Faced by Companies Certified by FSC Chile in Light of the New Standard .......... 171 Main Content ...................................................................................................................... 172 Implications and Challenges of the New Standards for Forestry Certification .................. 175 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 176 Chapter 7 – Conclusions and Recommendations ....................................................................... 179 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 179 Recommendations .................................................................................................................. 181 Key Recommendation ......................................................................................................... 182 The Internal Structure and Organisation of the FSC ........................................................... 183 CB Training and Procedures ................................................................................................ 184 Fundamental Review of the Content of the Standard and its Interpretation .................... 186 Broadcast and Dialogue Concerning Basic Subjects of Indigenous/Mapuche Law ............ 188 Significant Future Research on the Subject ........................................................................ 189 Glossary ....................................................................................................................................... 191 Bibliography 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