Introduction to Formal Linguistics Simon Dobnik Department of Philosophy, Linguistics and Theory of Science September 3, 2015 Based on slides by Robin Cooper Outline Practicalities Overview of linguistics Phonetics and Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics Lexicon A broader view Practicalities The course website LT2112 H15 Introduction to formal linguistics on https://gul.gu.se https://gul.gu.se/courseId/65958/content.do?id=26978419 http://gul.gu.se/public/courseId/70822/lang-en/publicPage.do 4 / 50 Course lecturers I Ellen Breitholtz (morphology) I Simon Dobnik (syntax and semantics with pragmatics, course organiser) I Johan Gross (phonetics and phonology) 5 / 50 Overview of linguistics I Noam Chomsky, starting mid-fifties I but goes back to ancient grammarians (P¯an.ini, 4th cent. B.C.) I nineteenth century (historical perspective, diachronic, Hermann Paul: sentences are the sum of their parts) I pre-Chomskyan 20th century { synchronic (Saussure), structuralists (Leonard Bloomfield, Charles Hockett, Zellig Harris) Linguistics { a scientific view of language I formal: explicit, exact (to an extent) 7 / 50 I but goes back to ancient grammarians (P¯an.ini, 4th cent. B.C.) I nineteenth century (historical perspective, diachronic, Hermann Paul: sentences are the sum of their parts) I pre-Chomskyan 20th century { synchronic (Saussure), structuralists (Leonard Bloomfield, Charles Hockett, Zellig Harris) Linguistics { a scientific view of language I formal: explicit, exact (to an extent) I Noam Chomsky, starting mid-fifties 7 / 50 I nineteenth century (historical perspective, diachronic, Hermann Paul: sentences are the sum of their parts) I pre-Chomskyan 20th century { synchronic (Saussure), structuralists (Leonard Bloomfield, Charles Hockett, Zellig Harris) Linguistics { a scientific view of language I formal: explicit, exact (to an extent) I Noam Chomsky, starting mid-fifties I but goes back to ancient grammarians (P¯an.ini, 4th cent. B.C.) 7 / 50 I pre-Chomskyan 20th century { synchronic (Saussure), structuralists (Leonard Bloomfield, Charles Hockett, Zellig Harris) Linguistics { a scientific view of language I formal: explicit, exact (to an extent) I Noam Chomsky, starting mid-fifties I but goes back to ancient grammarians (P¯an.ini, 4th cent. B.C.) I nineteenth century (historical perspective, diachronic, Hermann Paul: sentences are the sum of their parts) 7 / 50 Linguistics { a scientific view of language I formal: explicit, exact (to an extent) I Noam Chomsky, starting mid-fifties I but goes back to ancient grammarians (P¯an.ini, 4th cent. B.C.) I nineteenth century (historical perspective, diachronic, Hermann Paul: sentences are the sum of their parts) I pre-Chomskyan 20th century { synchronic (Saussure), structuralists (Leonard Bloomfield, Charles Hockett, Zellig Harris) 7 / 50 Linguistic methods I corpus linguistics I formal analysis I experimental methods 8 / 50 Computational linguistics . the scientific study of human language { specifically of the system of rules and the ways in which they are used in communication { using mathematical models and formal procedures that can be realised and validated using computers; a cross-over of many disciplines. (Stanford Linguistics Professor, 1980s) Borrowed from Stephan Oepen's slide 9 / 50 Computational Linguistics Wikipedia University of Saarland 10 / 50 A language module A language module Lexicon Speech recognizer/synthesizer Speech output Speech Morphological input analyzer/generator Text input Text output Syntactic parser/generator Semantic analyzer/reasoner Grammar Dialogue planner Knowledge base 11 / 50 Phonetics and Phonology Lexicon Speech recognizer/synthesizer Speech output Speech Morphological input analyzer/generator Text input Text output Syntactic parser/generator Semantic analyzer/reasoner Grammar Dialogue planner Knowledge base 13 / 50 I classification of speech sounds according to articulation Articulatory phonetics I how we use our mouth, vocal tract to produce speech sounds 14 / 50 Articulatory phonetics I how we use our mouth, vocal tract to produce speech sounds I classification of speech sounds according to articulation 14 / 50 The vocal tract From Wikipedia. 15 / 50 The IPA chart http://www.internationalphoneticalphabet.org/ipa/ THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2005) CONSONANTS (PULMONIC) © 2005 IPA Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Post alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal Plosive p b t d Ê ∂ c Ô k g q G / Nasal m µ n = ≠ N – Trill ı r R Tap or Flap v | « Fricative F B f v T D s z S Z ß Ω ç J x V X  © ? h H Lateral fricative Ò L Approximant √ ® ’ j ˜ Lateral approximant l ¥ K Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible. CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC) VOWELS Front Central Back Clicks Voiced implosives Ejectives Close i yÈ˨u > Bilabial ∫ Bilabial ’ Examples: ˘ Dental Î Dental/alveolar p’ Bilabial IY U Close-mid ! (Post)alveolar ˙ Palatal t’ Dental/alveolar e P e ∏ Øo ¯ Palatoalveolar ƒ Velar k’ Velar ´ ≤ Alveolar lateral Ï Uvular s’ Alveolar fricative Open-mid E{ ‰ò øO å OTHER SYMBOLS œ Open a” AÅ ∑ Voiceless labial-velar fricative Ç Û Alveolo-palatal fricatives Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. w Voiced labial-velar approximant » Voiced alveolar lateral flap Á Voiced labial-palatal approximant Í Simultaneous S and x SUPRASEGMENTALS Ì Voiceless epiglottal fricative Primary stress ( Affricates and double articulations " Voiced epiglottal fricative Æ Secondary stress ¿ can be represented by two symbols kp ts joined by a tie bar if necessary. ( ÆfoUn´"tIS´n Epiglottal plosive ÷ … Long e… DIACRITICS Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g. N( Ú Half-long eÚ * Extra-short e* 9 Voiceless n9 d9 ª Breathy voiced bª aª 1 Dental t 1 d1 ˘ Minor (foot) group 3 Voiced s3 t 3 0 Creaky voiced b0 a0 ¡ Apical t ¡ d¡ ≤ Major (intonation) group Ó Aspirated tÓ dÓ £ Linguolabial t £ d£ 4 Laminal t 4 d4 . Syllable break ®i.œkt More rounded Labialized Nasalized 7 O7 W tW dW ) e) ≈ Linking (absence of a break) Less rounded O¶ ∆ Palatalized t∆ d∆ ˆ Nasal release dˆ ¶ TONES AND WORDˆ ACCENTS ™ Advanced u™ ◊ Velarized t◊ d◊ ¬ Lateral release d¬ LEVEL CONTOUR Extra or or Rising 2 Retracted e2 ≥ Pharyngealized t≥ d≥ } No audible release d} e _ â high e ä High Falling Centralized Velarized or pharyngealized e! ê e$ ë · e· ù : High Mid e@ î e% ü rising + Mid-centralized e+ 6 Raised e6 ( ®6 = voiced alveolar fricative) Low Low e~ ô efi ï rising ` Syllabic n` § Lowered e§ ( B§ = voiced bilabial approximant) Extra Rising- e— û low e& ñ$ falling 8 Non-syllabic e8 5 Advanced Tongue Root e5 Õ Downstep ã Global rise ± Rhoticity ´± a± ∞ Retracted Tongue Root e∞ õ Upstep à Global fall 16 / 50 The IPA chart for pulmonic consonants 17 / 50 The IPA chart for vowels 18 / 50 I can we recognise speech sounds from the acoustic data? I not just acoustic data: McGurk effect, video I continuous speech to discrete speech sounds, co-articulation Acoustic phonetics I the data from sound waves 19 / 50 I not just acoustic data: McGurk effect, video I continuous speech to discrete speech sounds, co-articulation Acoustic phonetics I the data from sound waves I can we recognise speech sounds from the acoustic data? 19 / 50 I continuous speech to discrete speech sounds, co-articulation Acoustic phonetics I the data from sound waves I can we recognise speech sounds from the acoustic data? I not just acoustic data: McGurk effect, video 19 / 50 Acoustic phonetics I the data from sound waves I can we recognise speech sounds from the acoustic data? I not just acoustic data: McGurk effect, video I continuous speech to discrete speech sounds, co-articulation 19 / 50 Spectrogram From Wikipedia. 20 / 50 I phonological rules ([s]ip,[z]ip { sip[s], zip[s] ≈ bib[z], pub[z]) Phonology I phonemes (kit, cat) 21 / 50 { sip[s], zip[s] ≈ bib[z], pub[z]) Phonology I phonemes (kit, cat) I phonological rules ([s]ip,[z]ip 21 / 50 Phonology I phonemes (kit, cat) I phonological rules ([s]ip,[z]ip { sip[s], zip[s] ≈ bib[z], pub[z]) 21 / 50 Morphology Lexicon Speech recognizer/synthesizer Speech output Speech Morphological input analyzer/generator Text input Text output Syntactic parser/generator Semantic analyzer/reasoner Grammar Dialogue planner Knowledge base 23 / 50 Inflectional morphology I different forms in a paradigm I singular vs plural (cat vs cats, run, runs, ran) 24 / 50 Derivational morphology I creating new words, perhaps of a different category, perhaps with a different meaning I clever ≈ cleverness, able ≈ ability 25 / 50 course assessment I sometimes not just a sum of meanings of sub-parts: white house, White House Other morphological processes I not clear if there is a clear boundary between morphology and syntax I cliticization { John's coming, je l'ai vu I compounding { language technology 26 / 50 assessment I sometimes not just a sum of meanings of sub-parts: white house, White House Other morphological processes I not clear if there is a clear boundary between morphology and syntax I cliticization { John's coming, je l'ai vu I compounding { language technology course 26 / 50 I sometimes not just a sum of meanings of sub-parts: white house, White House Other morphological processes I not clear if there is a clear boundary between morphology and syntax I cliticization { John's coming, je l'ai vu I compounding { language technology course assessment 26 / 50 Other morphological processes I not clear if there is a clear boundary between morphology and