MICROFILMED 1993 EV UPM ’ T - T . }• ».■•'■• . j - INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely afreet reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. 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Ann Aibor, MI 48106 FORE GN POLICY AS THEATER: UNDERSTANDING SPAIN AND NATO DISSERTATION Presented In Partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Phiisophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Sheldon Lewis Stanton, B.A., M.A. * * * * The Ohio State University 1993 Dissertation Committee: Approved by R. Gunther R. Herrmann G. Shabad Advisor Department of Pol itcial Science DEDICATION I would like to make a three part dedication. First to three friends, Donald Disque Wood, Bryan Howard Ward, and Michael Franz Roehrig: easily the most insightful aficionados of real-world politics I have ever met. Second, to my long-suffering parents for their consistent support. Finally, to Michelle Rigual who made the seemingly impossible not just bearable but pleasurable. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I readily express sincere appreciation to Dr. Richard Gunther for his guidance and positive attitude during all phases of this project. Both were immeasurably important for the effort's completion. I would also like to heartily thank the other two members of my dissertation committee, Dr. Richard Herrmann and Dr. Goldie Shabad. Any errors of fact or interpretation herein are, of course, my fault. iii VITA November 24, 1961 Bom-James town, Kentucky 1984 B.A., University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, Ohio 1989 M.A., The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Political Science Studies in Comparative Politics and International Relations TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION................................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS................................................................................................................... iii VITA .................................................... iv CHAPTER PAGE I. UNDERSTANDING SPAIN AND NATO ........................................................... 1 Introduction.......................................................................................................... 1 Three Dates ....................................................................................................... 3 Exogenous-Structural Explanations................................................................ IS Endogenous-Idiosyncratic Explanations........................................................... 28 Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy............................................................. 32 Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy: The Case of Franquist Spain.... 41 Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy: The Eiite-Mass Relationship.... 44 Five Questions.................................................................................................... 49 Conclusion; Motivation and Methodology......................................................, SO NOTES ..................................................................................................................... 55 II. SPAIN AND THE WORLD, 1492-1945 ........................................................... 65 Introduction.......................................................................................................... 65 From Obscurity to Obscurity .................................................. 66 From Obscurity to Oblivion.............................................................................. 71 From Oblivion to Collapse .............................................................................. 75 From Collapse to International Ostracism ................................................. 79 Conclusions: Themes in Spanish Foreign P olicy.......................................... 90 NOTES ................................................................................................................ 92 III. SPAIN, THE WORLD, AND NATO, 1945-1976 .......................................... 99 Introduction.......................................................................................................... 99 From Ostracism to Conditional Acceptance.................................................. 100 Spanish Foreign Policy to the Death of Franco............................................. 135 Conclusion: The End of Franquism................................................................ 146 NOTES ............................................................................................................... 150 v IV. SPAIN AND NATO: DOMESTIC POLITICAL CONSIDERATIONS AND DOMESTIC POLITICS (1976-1982) .................................. 160 Introduction.......................................................................................................... 160 The Rise of Adolfo Sudrez ............................................................................... 161 Adolfo Sudrez and the Question of N A TO...................................................... 163 Sudrez and NATO: The Atlanticist Explanation ........................................... 167 Sudrez and NATO: The Sudrista Explanation................................................ 177 NATO and the Political End of Adolfo S u d r............................................. e z 183 NATO and the Ascendency of the Atlanticists.............................................. 195 Membership is Achieved........................................................................................206 Conclusion: Collective Apathy and Political Opportunity............................... 212 NOTES ................................................................................................................. 220 V. THE PSOE IN POWER (1982-1986): ILLUSORY OPPOSITION, CALCULATED AMBIGUITY, AND PERFUNCTORY TRANSFORMATION...............................................................227 Introduction..............................................................................................................227 The PSOE in Power ............................................................................................. 228 Illusory Opposition................................................................................................231 Calculated Ambiguity ............................................................................................. 235 Perfunctory Transformation.................................................................................. 237 Felipe Gonzdlez and National M odernization....................................................246 Selling the Switch: The 1986 NATO R eferen d u m...........................................253 Conclusion: Victory and Consequences...............................................................269 NOTES ................................................................................................................... 271 VI. FOREIGN POLICY AS THEATER....................................................................... 279 Introduction............................................................................................................ 279 Foreign Policy as Theater: The American E xam ple........................................ 286 Conclusion: NATO and the Spanish Polity ...........................................290 NOTES ................................................................................................................. 294 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................................................295 vi CHAPTER 1 UNDERSTANDING SPAIN AND NATO iQtEPdUfliPn This study provides an analysis of the role played by the issue of Spanish membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in the domestic political battles of the first years of the post-Franco era. While it is common to ascribe the motivations for foreign policy decisions (like the decision whether or not to join a military alliance) to considerations of the geostrategic