ACADEMIC PAPER EMPOWERMENT OR SUBJUGATION: An analysis of ISIL’s gendered messaging JUNE 2018 UN WOMEN About this study This study was commissioned by the UN Women Regional Office for Arab States, with research undertaken in mid-2017, and is part of a series of reports on issues of peace and security in the Middle East and North Africa. About the author This report was written by Dr Nelly Lahoud Senior Fellow for Political Islamism International Institute for Strategic Studies – Middle East Editor: Rachel Dore-Weeks (Advisor, Peace, Security and Humanitarian Action, UN Women Regional Office for Arab States) Design: dammsavage studio This report was generously funded by the Government of Finland. Suggested Citation: Lahoud, N, (2018), Empowerment or Subjugation: A Gendered Analysis of ISIL Messaging; UN Women. The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of UN Women, the United Nations or any of its affiliated organizations. ISBN: 978-1-63214-123-1 © 2018 UN Women. All rights reserved. ACADEMIC PAPER EMPOWERMENT OR SUBJUGATION: AN ANALYSIS OF ISIL’S GENDERED MESSAGING UN WOMEN June 2018 DR NELLY LAHOUD INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES – MIDDLE EAST TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION AND KEY FINDINGS 1 I. HOW LANGUAGE SHAPED DIFFERENT REPRESENTATIONS OF WOMEN’S EXPERIENCES 4 II. GENDERED MESSAGING: PRIVILEGING MASCULINITY, SEGREGATION OF THE SEXES, SEX SLAVERY, EXCLUDING WOMEN FROM COMBAT 10 III. POLICY IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 23 APPENDIX 1: AL-NABA’, DABIQ, DAR AL-ISLAM AND RUMIYAH 25 APPENDIX 2: METHODOLOGY AND SOURCES 26 Empowerment or Subjugation: A Gendered Analysis of ISIL Messaging F SYNOPSIS In recent years, there has been greater recognition This study explores how ISIL, a group that explic- of the interplay of issues of gender equality and itly espouses a worldview that promotes women’s violent extremism (VE), and of peace and security subjugation and sexual slavery could appeal to and more broadly. In December 2013, the United Nations seemingly offer women tools of empowerment. It Security Council adopted Resolution 2129 in which analyses the gendered messaging of ISIL through it affirmed ‘the intention to increase its attention a systematic examination of the group’s Arabic (al- to women, peace and security issues in all relevant Naba’), English (Dabiq and Rumiyah) and French (Dar thematic areas of work on its agenda, including in al-Islam and Rumiyah) magazines that were produced threats to international peace and security caused and posted online from their inception until Febru- by terrorist acts.’ In October 2014, and in response to ary 2017, a period that covers ISIL’s governance during the flow of foreign fighters to fight for the Islamic both its territorial ascent and descent. The analysis State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), a statement by the shows how the group integrated questions of gender President of the Security Council highlighted the need and masculinity into its governance of both the public to improve the quality of information and analysis on and private spheres. the impact of armed conflict on women and girls. In 2015 the Council adopted resolution 2242, explicitly Although by 2017 ISIL had lost its territorial base, the recognizing the interlinkages between women, peace group continues to mount operations in and outside and security agenda and issues of preventing violent the Levant; and the threat that ISIL and other violent extremism. To bolster the knowledge base on this, this groups pose to the security of the international com- study analyses the ways in which ISIL sought to com- munity remains potent. Therefore, the findings of municate its worldview to its readers, and the extent the paper aim to inform and influence the debates to which gender equality issues and roles were used surrounding prevention and alternative messaging as a recruitment tool and mechanism to maintain strategies, as well as initiatives for a more efficient control. and effective response to these challenges. Empowerment or Subjugation: A Gendered Analysis of ISIL Messaging i Empowerment or Subjugation: A Gendered Analysis of ISIL Messaging ii INTRODUCTION AND KEY FINDINGS1 The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) is a structure of the group, it is necessary to understand group explicitly committed to the segregation of the how it communicated its worldview to its readers, sexes, the promotion of a rigid social order premised and, in particular, how the group navigates questions on control over women’s bodies (how they behave, of gender relations into its governance of the public interact and dress) and the enslavement of women and private spheres. What follows is a summary and children as a recruitment incentive to be distrib- of the findings, developed in the three sections of uted among ISIL fighters as spoil of war, a practice this study.5 the group proudly credits itself for having revived from the pre-modern era.2 To advance its agenda, ISIL Summary of Findings actively reaches out to women. In response, women have joined ISIL to be part of ‘the caliphate’3, the The paper finds that ISIL strategically crafted its mes- group’s state-building enterprise.4 Women, like men, saging to men and women in different ways to achieve who travelled from outside the Levant to join ISIL did its objectives in recruitment, governance, control and so as ‘muhajirat’ (emigrées), a term rich in historical state-building. Men and women are all expected to connotations that continues to resonate in Muslims’ adhere to ISIL’s moral code and governance model, religious imagination5. which includes women’s obedience to their husbands. ISIL publications give women a voice, and evoca- How could a group that promotes women’s subju- tive efforts are made to portray this as agency, and gation and sexual slavery also appeal to women and even empowerment. Yet fundamentally, when rec- seemingly offer them tools of empowerment? To onciling the different voices used and messages put appreciate how ISIL managed its approach to gender forward, the content of the messaging is about ISIL issues and the role this plays within the governance empowerment and not women’s empowerment. In addition, women’s voice in some articles is used 1 I am grateful for the research support I received from Rana to restrict the behaviour of women – shaming and Choueiry and Muhammad al-‘Ubaydi. I am also grateful reporting those who do not conform to ISIL’s rigid to Elisabeth Marteu for her feedback and to several other conservatism. IISS colleagues for their research support, and to Hebatalla Taha for insightful conversations. My gratitude also to Rachel Dores-Weeks for her thoughtful suggestions on a 5 The term derives from hijra (emigration); in Islamic near final draft, and for the constructive feedback that she, parlance, it refers to the year 622, the beginning of the Naureen Fink and Sophie Giscard D’Estaing made on an Muslim hijri calendar, marking the hijra that the prophet early draft. 2 For a comprehensive and accessible review of the law of Muhammad performed when he and his followers left war in Islam in the context of international pre-modern Mecca to Medina. According to the Islamic tradition, this norms, see Majid Khadduri, ‘Translator’s Introduction’, hijra was due to the oppression and persecution from in The Islamic Law of Nations: Shaybani’s Siyar (Baltimore, which the early believers suffered for their faith, and it MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1966), pp. 1–41. signifies their willingness to leave their properties behind 3 In geographical terms, the caliphate is a reference to the ter- in search of a place where they could safely establish God’s ritories in Iraq and Syria that ISIL controlled and governed teachings. In return, God rewarded them many victories. 4 For a useful background on foreign fighters and estimates, When ISIL calls on Muslims to perform the hijra, it is hop- see Hamed el-Said and Richard Barrett, consultants, ing that this history of sacrifice and reward would inspire Enhancing the Understanding of the Foreign Terrorist men and women to travel to the territories governed by Fighters Phenomenon in Syria, United Nations Office of the group. For historical background, see Maxime Rodinson, Counter-Terrorism, July 2017, http://www.un.org/en/coun- Muhammad: Prophet of Islam, London/New York: Tauris terterrorism/assets/img/Report_Final_20170727.pd Parke Paperbacks, 2002, pp. 96-147. Empowerment or Subjugation: A Gendered Analysis of ISIL Messaging 1 ISIL uses religion to justify the legitimacy of its actions, disposed to indulging in gossip, and preoccupied with including its subjugation of women (e.g., sexual slavery, shopping when they should devote their free time to physical appearance and social interactions). To achieve prayer and reflection. its aims, religion is used in contradictory ways.6 For example, religion is used to justify greater freedoms for The English and French magazines, Dabiq and Dar women to travel on their own to ISIL controlled areas, al-Islam, in contrast avoid resorting to such demean- thereby contributing to ISIL’s state-building exercise, ing descriptions of women. The differences should and also used to justify limitations on the basic move- not be attributed to greater tolerance for gender ments of women living in ISIL territories. equality on the part of English and French writers, for the worldview they all seek to promote is the same. The paper finds that ISIL’s publications demonstrate The difference is more likely to be accounted for by the strategic use of gender roles and relations as a considerations of the intended readership. Whereas core of how the group sought to govern and control the Arabic magazine seems to be intended for male their territory. A close reading of these publications fighters within the rank and file of ISIL structures, it reveals that ISIL’s governance is akin to a Hobbesian is likely that the English and French magazines were state of war.