THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS This PDF is available at http://nap.edu/25120 SHARE Securing the Vote: Protecting American Democracy DETAILS 180 pages | 6 x 9 | PAPERBACK ISBN 978-0-309-47647-8 | DOI 10.17226/25120 CONTRIBUTORS GET THIS BOOK Committee on the Future of Voting: Accessible, Reliable, Verifiable Technology; Committee on Science, Technology, and Law; Policy and Global Affairs; Computer Science and Telecommunications Board; Division on Engineering and Physical FIND RELATED TITLES Sciences; National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Visit the National Academies Press at NAP.edu and login or register to get: – Access to free PDF downloads of thousands of scientific reports – 10% off the price of print titles – Email or social media notifications of new titles related to your interests – Special offers and discounts Distribution, posting, or copying of this PDF is strictly prohibited without written permission of the National Academies Press. (Request Permission) Unless otherwise indicated, all materials in this PDF are copyrighted by the National Academy of Sciences. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Securing the Vote: Protecting American Democracy Committee on the Future of Voting: Accessible, Reliable, Verifiable Technology Committee on Science, Technology, and Law Policy and Global Affairs Computer Science and Telecommunications Board Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences A Consensus Study Report of Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Securing the Vote: Protecting American Democracy THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 This activity was supported with grants to the National Academy of Sciences from the Carnegie Corporation of New York (#G-16-53637) and the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation (#G-2016-5031) and with funds from National Academy of Sciences’ W. K. Kellogg Foundation Fund and the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s Presidents’ Circle Fund. Any opinions, findings, conclu- sions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization or agency that provided support for the project. International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-47647-8 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-47647-X Library of Congress Control Number: 2018952779 Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.17226/25120 Additional copies of this publication are available for sale from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Keck 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313; http://www.nap.edu. Copyright 2018 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Suggested citation: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Securing the Vote: Protecting American Democracy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.17226/25120. Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Securing the Vote: Protecting American Democracy The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, nongovernmental institu- tion to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the char- ter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., is president. The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president. The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engi neering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The National Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine. Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.nationalacademies.org. Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Securing the Vote: Protecting American Democracy Consensus Study Reports published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine document the evidence-based consensus on the study’s statement of task by an authoring committee of experts. Reports typi- cally include findings, conclusions, and recommendations based on information gathered by the committee and the committee’s deliberations. Each report has been subjected to a rigorous and independent peer-review process and it represents the position of the National Academies on the statement of task. Proceedings published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine chronicle the presentations and discussions at a workshop, symposium, or other event convened by the National Academies. The statements and opinions contained in proceedings are those of the participants and are not endorsed by other participants, the planning committee, or the National Academies. For information about other products and activities of the National Academies, please visit www.nationalacademies.org/about/whatwedo. Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Securing the Vote: Protecting American Democracy COMMITTEE ON THE FUTURE OF VOTING: ACCESSIBLE, RELIABLE, VERIFABLE TECHNOLOGY Co-chairs LEE C. BOLLINGER, President, Columbia University MICHAEL A. McROBBIE, President, Indiana University Members ANDREW W. APPEL, Eugene Higgins Professor of Computer Science, Princeton University JOSH BENALOH, Senior Cryptographer, Microsoft Research KAREN COOK (NAS), Ray Lyman Wilbur Professor of Sociology; Director of the Institute for Research in the Social Sciences (IRiSS); and Vice-Provost for Faculty Development and Diversity, Stanford University DANA DeBEAUVOIR, Travis County Clerk, County of Travis, TX MOON DUCHIN, Associate Professor of Mathematics and Founding Director, Program in Science, Technology, and Society, Tufts University JUAN E. GILBERT, Andrew Banks Family Preeminence Endowed Professor and Chair of the Computer and Information Science and Engineering Department, University of Florida SUSAN L. GRAHAM (NAE), Pehong Chen Distinguished Professor Emerita, Computer Science Division, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley NEAL KELLEY, Registrar of Voters and Chief of Elections, County of Orange, CA KEVIN J. KENNEDY, Director and General Counsel (retired), Wisconsin Government Accountability Board NATHANIEL PERSILY, James B. McClatchy Professor of Law, Stanford Law School RONALD L. RIVEST (NAS/NAE), Institute Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology CHARLES STEWART III, Kenan Sahin Distinguished Professor of Political Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology v Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Securing the Vote: Protecting American Democracy Staff ANNE-MARIE MAZZA, Study Director and Senior Director, Committee on Science, Technology, and Law JON EISENBERG, Senior Director, Computer Science and Telecommunications Board STEVEN KENDALL, Program Officer, Committee on Science, Technology, and Law KAROLINA KONARZEWSKA, Program Coordinator, Committee on Science, Technology, and Law WILLIAM J. SKANE, Consultant Writer CLARA SAVAGE, Financial Officer, Committee on Science, Technology, and Law vi Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Securing the Vote: Protecting American Democracy COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND LAW Co-chairs DAVID BALTIMORE (NAS/NAM), President Emeritus and Robert Andrews Millikan Professor of Biology, California Institute of Technology DAVID S. TATEL, Judge, U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit Members THOMAS D. ALBRIGHT (NAS), Professor and Director, Vision Center Laboratory and Conrad T. Prebys Chair in Vision Research, Salk Institute for Biological Studies ANN ARVIN (NAM), Lucile Packard Professor of Pediatrics and Microbiology and Immunology; Vice Provost and Dean of Research, Stanford University JOE S. CECIL, Project Director (retired), Program on Scientific and Technical Evidence, Division of Research, Federal Judicial Center R. ALTA CHARO (NAM), Warren P. Knowles Professor of Law and Bioethics, University of Wisconsin at Madison HARRY T. EDWARDS, Judge, U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit CHARLES ELACHI (NAE), Professor of Electrical Engineering and Planetary Science, Emeritus, California Institute of Technology JEREMY FOGEL, Director, Federal Judicial Center HENRY T. GREELY, Deane F. and Kate Edelman Johnson Professor of Law and Professor, by courtesy, of Genetics, Stanford University MICHAEL IMPERIALE, Arthur F. Thurnau Professor of Microbiology and Immunology University of Michigan ROBERT S. LANGER (NAS/NAE/NAM), David H. Koch Institute Professor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology GOODWIN LIU, Associate Justice, California