1111 2 3 4 5222 ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2 3111 Reviews of the first edition: 4 ‘An excellent collection, which offers works with which students would be 5 unfamiliar. The articles demonstrate a real commitment to international 6 history.’ 7 Robert L. Beisner, The American University, Washington DC 8 9 ‘A fresh collection of stimulating and impressive essays. This book will be 20111 of great value not only to students of the subject but to those teaching.’ John A. Thompson, St Catharine’s College, Cambridge 1 2 The Cold War dominated the world political arena for forty-five years. Focusing on 3 the international system and on events in all parts of the globe, Melvyn P. Leffler 4 and David S. Painter have brought together a truly international collection of articles 522 that provide a fresh and comprehensive analysis of the origins of the Cold War. 6 Moving beyond earlier controversies, this edited collection focuses on the inter- 7 action between geopolitics and threat perception, technology and strategy, ideology 8 and social reconstruction, national economic reform and patterns of international 9 trade, and decolonization and national liberation. The editors also consider how and 30111 why the Cold War spread from Europe to Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and Latin 1 America and how groups, classes, and elites used the Cold War to further their own 2 interests. 3 This second edition brings the collection right up to date, including the newest 4 research from the Communist side of the Cold War and the most recent debates on 5 culture, race, and the role of intelligence analysis. Also included is a completely new 6 section dealing with the Cold War crises in Iran, Turkey, and Greece and a guide to further reading. 7 8 Melvyn P. Leffler is Edward Stettinius Professor of American History at the 9 University of Virginia. His publications include A Preponderance of Power: National 40111 Security, The Truman Administration, and the Cold War (1992) and The Specter of 1 Communism: The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1917–1953 (1994). 2 David S. Painter is Associate Professor of History in the Edmund A. Walsh School 3 of Foreign Service at Georgetown University. His publications include Oil and the 44 American Century: The Political Economy of U.S. Foreign Oil Policy, 1941–1954 (1986) 4522 and The Cold War: An International History (1999). REWRITING HISTORIES Series editor: Jack R. Censer ATLANTIC AMERICAN NAZISM AND GERMAN SOCIETY, SOCIETIES: FROM COLUMBUS 1933–1945 THROUGH ABOLITION Edited by David Crew Edited by J.R. McNeill and Alan Karras THE ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR: AN INTERNATIONAL DECOLONIZATION: HISTORY PERSPECTIVES FROM NOW Edited by AND THEN Melvyn P. Leffler and David S. Painter Edited by Prasenjit Duara PRACTICING HISTORY: DIVERSITY AND UNITY IN NEW DIRECTIONS IN EARLY NORTH AMERICA HISTORICAL WRITING Edited by Philip Morgan Edited by Gabrielle M. Spiegel THE FRENCH REVOLUTION: REFORMATION TO REVOLUTION RECENT DEBATES AND Edited by Margo Todd CONTROVERSIES Edited by Gary Kates THE RENAISSANCE: ITALY AND ABROAD GENDER AND AMERICAN Edited by John Jeffries Martin HISTORY SINCE 1890 Edited by Barbara Melosh REVOLUTIONARY RUSSIA: NEW APPROACHES TO THE GLOBAL FEMINISMS SINCE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION 1945 Edited by Rex A. Wade Edited by Bonnie G. Smith THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1989 THE HOLOCAUST: Edited by Vladimir Tismaneanu ORIGINS, IMPLEMENTATION, AFTERMATH SEGREGATION AND APARTHEID Edited by Omer Bartov IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY SOUTH AFRICA THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Edited by William Beinart and AND WORK IN NINETEENTH- Saul Dubow CENTURY EUROPE Edited by Lenard R. Berlanstein SOCIETY AND CULTURE IN THE SLAVE SOUTH THE ISRAEL/PALESTINE Edited by J. William Harris QUESTION Edited by Ilan Pappe STALINISM: NEW DIRECTIONS Edited by Sheila Fitzpatrick MEDIEVAL RELIGION: NEW APPROACHES TWENTIETH-CENTURY CHINA: Edited by NEW APPROACHES Constance Hoffman Berman Edited by Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom 1111 2 3 4 5222 ORIGINS OF THE 6 7 COLD WAR 8 9 1011 An International History 1 2 3111 Second Edition 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 Melvyn P. Leffler and 1 2 David S. Painter 3 4 522 6 7 8 9 30111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40111 1 2 3 44 4522 First published 1994 by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Simultaneously published in the UK by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Second edition published 2005 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” Selection and editorial matter © 1994, 2005 Melvyn P. Leffler and David S. Painter Individual contributions © 1994, 2005 individual contributors All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Origins of the Cold War: an international history/edited by Melvin P. Leffler and David S. Painter. – 2nd ed. p. cm. – (Rewriting histories) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Cold War. 2. World politics – 1945– I. Leffler, Melvyn P., 1945– II. Painter, David, S. III. Re-writing histories. D842.O86 2004 909.82–dc22 2004051306 ISBN 0-203-02346-3 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0–415–34109–4 (hbk) ISBN 0–415–34110–8 (pbk) 1111 2 3 4 5222 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2 3111 For my brothers, Sheldon and Fred Leffler 4 5 and 6 7 8 For my wife, Flora Montealegre Painter, 9 and our son, Charles 20111 1 2 3 4 522 6 7 8 9 30111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40111 1 2 3 44 4522 v 1111 2 3 4 5222 CONTENTS 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2 3111 List of maps ix 4 Series editor’s preface x 5 Acknowledgments and editorial note xiii 6 7 Introduction: the international system and the origins of 8 the Cold War 1 9 DAVID S. PAINTER AND MELVYN P. LEFFLER 20111 1 PART I 2 Soviet and American strategy and diplomacy 13 3 4 1 National security and US foreign policy 15 522 MELVYN P. LEFFLER 6 7 2 Stalin and Soviet foreign policy 42 8 GEOFFREY ROBERTS 9 3 The atomic bomb and the origins of the Cold War 58 30111 1 MARTIN J. SHERWIN 2 4 Stalin and the bomb 72 3 DAVID HOLLOWAY 4 5 PART II 6 7 Three Cold War crises: Iran, Turkey, and Greece 91 8 5 The Iranian Crisis of 1946 and the origins of the Cold War 93 9 FERNANDE SCHEID RAINE 40111 1 6 The Turkish War Scare of 1946 112 2 EDUARD MARK 3 44 7 The Greek Civil War 134 4522 THANASIS D. SFIKAS vii CONTENTS PART III Europe and the Cold War 153 8 British policy and the origins of the Cold War 155 JOHN KENT 9 The European dimension of the Cold War 167 DAVID REYNOLDS 10 The Russians in Germany 178 NORMAN NAIMARK 11 Communism in Bulgaria 190 VESSELIN DIMITROV 12 Stalin and the Italian Communists 205 SILVIO PONS 13 Hegemony and autonomy within the Western alliance 221 CHARLES S. MAIER PART IV The Cold War in Asia, Africa, and Latin America 237 14 From the Marshall Plan to the Third World 239 ROBERT E. WOOD 15 Revolutionary movements in Asia and the Cold War 251 MICHAEL H. HUNT AND STEVEN I. LEVINE 16 Stalin and the Korean War 265 KATHRYN WEATHERSBY 17 Mao and Sino-American relations 283 CHEN JIAN 18 The impact of the Cold War on Latin America 299 LESLIE BETHELL AND IAN ROXBOROUGH 19 The United States, the Cold War, and the color line 317 THOMAS BORSTELMANN Epilogue: the end of the Cold War 333 DAVID S. PAINTER AND MELVYN P. LEFFLER Recommended reading 338 Index 343 viii 1111 2 3 4 5222 MAPS 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2 3111 Reprinted from A Preponderance of Power, by Melvyn P. Leffler, with permission 4 of Stanford University Press. Copyright © 1992 by the Board of Trustees of 5 the Leland Stanford Junior University. 6 7 1 US military base requirements following the Second World War. 20 8 2 The Soviet Union in Eurasia at the end of the Second World War. 9 Adapted from Woodford McClellan, Russia: A History of the Soviet 20111 Period (2nd edn, New York: Prentice Hall, 1990), 199. 48 1 3 The Middle East, 1945–1946. Adapted from Wm Roger Louis, 2 The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945–1951 (Oxford: 3 Clarendon Press, 1984), xvii–xix. 92 4 4 The Mediterranean area, 1945–1946. 158 522 5 East and Southeast Asia, 1948. 250 6 6 The Korean War, 1950–1953. Adapted from Richard Dean Burns, 7 ed., Guide to American Foreign Relations Since 1700 (Santa Barbara, 8 CA: ABC-Clio, 1983), 818. 282 9 30111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40111 1 2 3 44 4522 ix SERIES EDITOR’S PREFACE Rewriting history, or revisionism, has always followed closely in the wake of history writing. In their efforts to re-evaluate the past, professional as well as amateur scholars have followed many approaches, most commonly as em- piricists, uncovering new information to challenge earlier accounts.