The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species The IUCNRedListof Akanbi Williams and DeMorais,Jean-ChristopheVié Tito EmilieStump,MorSylla,Luis Aboubacar Sidibe,WilliamSmith-Vaniz, Sayer, Catherine Sagna, Alphonse Russell, Barry Quartey, Richmond Poss, Stuart Pollock, Caroline Nunoo, E. K. Francis Beh, Mve Hervé Jean Christi Linardich, Ken Lindeman, Ebou Mass Mbye, Jean Egard Mikolo, Monteiro, Vanda Jean Bernard Mougoussi, Thomas Munroe, Heather Harwell, Craig Andrew Hilton-Taylor, Hines, Alexander P. Hulley, Tomio Iwamoto, Steen Knudsen, Jean De Dieu Lewembe, Antony S. Harold, Comeros-Raynal, Godefroy De Bruyne, Madeleine Diouf, Roger Djiman, Mathieu Ducrocq, Ofer Gon, T. Collette, Mia B. Bruce Cissoko, Kadiatou Camara, Hawa Youssouf Camara, Abdallahi Mohamed Khairdine Buchanan, Jack Nguema, Bi Bibang Noel Beth Polidoro, Gina Ralph, Kyle Strongin, Michael Harvey, Kent Carpenter, Titus Ayo Adeofe, Rachel Arnold, Paul Bannerman, Jean ATLANTIC EASTERN CENTRAL FISHESOFTHE RED LISTOFMARINEBONY TM EASTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC IUCN Rue Mauverney 26 CH 1196 Gland Switzerland Tel: +41 22 999 0000 Fax: + 41 22 999 0015 www.iucn.org/redlist www.iucnredlist.org RED LIST OF MARINE BONY FISHES OF THE EASTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC Beth Polidoro, Gina Ralph, Kyle Strongin, Michael Harvey, Kent Carpenter, Titus Ayo Adeofe, Rachel Arnold, Paul Bannerman, Jean Noel Bibang Bi Nguema, Jack Buchanan, Khairdine Mohamed Abdallahi Camara, Youssouf Hawa Camara, Kadiatou Cissoko, Bruce B. Collette, Mia T. Comeros-Raynal, Godefroy De Bruyne, Madeleine Diouf, Roger Djiman, Mathieu Ducrocq, Ofer Gon, Antony S. Harold, Heather Harwell, Craig Hilton-Taylor, Andrew Hines, P. Alexander Hulley, Tomio Iwamoto, Steen Knudsen, Jean De Dieu Lewembe, Christi Linardich, Ken Lindeman, Ebou Mass Mbye, Jean Egard Mikolo, Vanda Monteiro, Jean Bernard Mougoussi, Thomas Munroe, Jean Hervé Mve Beh, Francis K. E. Nunoo, Caroline Pollock, Stuart Poss, Richmond Quartey, Barry Russell, Alphonse Sagna, Catherine Sayer, Aboubacar Sidibe, William Smith-Vaniz, Emilie Stump, Mor Sylla, Luis Tito De Morais, Jean-Christophe Vié and Akanbi Williams Published and prepared by IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN or other participating organisations concerning the legal status of any country, territory or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimination of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of the IUCN or other participanting organisiations. This publication has been made possible in part by funding from MAVA Fondation pour la Nature. Published by: IUCN, Gland, Switzerland Copyright: © 2016 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commerical purposes is authorised without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission from the copyright holder. Citation: Beth Polidoro, Gina M. Ralph, Kyle Strongin, Michael Harvey, Kent E. Carpenter, Titus Ayo Adeofe, Rachel Arnold, Paul Bannerman, Jean Noel Bibang Bi Nguema, Jack R. Buchanan, Khairdine Mohamed Abdallahi Camara, Youssouf Hawa Camara, Kadiatou Cissoko, Bruce B. Collette, Mia T. Comeros- Raynal, Godefroy De Bruyne, Madeleine Diouf, Roger Djiman, Mathieu Ducrocq, Ofer Gon, Antony S. Harold, Heather Harwell, Craig Hilton-Taylor, Andrew Hines, P. Alexander Hulley, Tomio Iwamoto, Steen Knudsen, Jean De Dieu Lewembe, Christi Linardich, Ken Lindeman, Ebou Mass Mbye, Jean Egard Mikolo, Vanda Monteiro, Jean Bernard Mougoussi, Thomas Munroe, Jean Hervé Mve Beh, Francis K. E. Nunoo, Caroline Pollock, Stuart Poss, Richmond Quartey, Barry Russell, Alphonse Sagna, Catherine Sayer, Aboubacar Sidibe, William Smith-Vaniz, Emilie Stump, Mor Sylla, Luis Tito De Morais, Jean-Christophe Vié and Akanbi Williams (2016). Red List of Marine Bony Fishes of the Eastern Central Atlantic. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. viii + 80 pp. ISBN: 978-2-8317-1795-1 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2016.04.en Cover photo: © B. Polidoro. Front: Fishing village in Dakar, Senegal. Back: Gabonese Beach. All photographs used in this publication remain the property of the original copyright holder (see individaul captions for details). Photographs should not be reproduced or used in other contexts without written permission from the copyright holder. Layout by: Emilie Stump and Gina Ralph Printed by: Colley Avenue Copies & Graphics, Inc. Available from: www.iucn.org/resources/publications More information on the IUCN Red List is available on the Internet (www.iucnredlist.org). The text of this book is printed on paper made from wood fibre from well-managed forests certified in accordance with the rules of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). Table of contents Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................................v Executive Summary .................................................................................................................................... vii 1. Background ............................................................................................................................................1 1.1 The Eastern Central Atlantic ......................................................................................................1 1.2 Diversity and Endemism ...........................................................................................................3 1.3 Importance of Marine Fishes .....................................................................................................3 1.4 Assessment of Species Extinction Risk .....................................................................................7 1.5 Objectives of the Assessment ....................................................................................................9 2. Assessment Methodology ....................................................................................................................10 2.1 Geographic Scope ....................................................................................................................10 2.2 Taxonomic Scope ....................................................................................................................10 2.3 Regional IUCN Red List Assessment Workshops ...................................................................11 2.4 IUCN Red List Assessment Protocol .......................................................................................12 2.5 Methodology for Spatial Analyses ..........................................................................................12 3. Results .................................................................................................................................................13 3.1 Threat Status ............................................................................................................................13 3.2 Status by Taxonomic Group ....................................................................................................16 3.3 Spatial Distribution of Species ................................................................................................22 3.4 Major Threats to Marine Fishes in the ECA ............................................................................26 3.5 Population Trends ....................................................................................................................29 3.6 Gaps in Knowledge .................................................................................................................30 4. Conservation Measures .......................................................................................................................31 4.1 Conservation of Marine Fish ...................................................................................................31 4.2 Marine Protected Areas ...........................................................................................................36 4.3 IUCN Red List versus Priority for Conservation Action .........................................................39 5. Recommendations ...............................................................................................................................40 5.1 Recommendations for Management and Policy ......................................................................40 5.2 Recommendations for Marine Protected Areas and Conservation Action ..............................40 5.3 Recommendations for Research and Training .........................................................................41 5.4 The Future: IUCN Red List Assessments and Key Biodiversity Areas ..................................42 References .....................................................................................................................................................43 Appendix 1. ...................................................................................................................................................49 Appendix 2. ...................................................................................................................................................78