Study by UNEP / ROWA Current Status of Renewable Energies in the Middle East – North African Region June 2007 Sponsored by (BMU) Acknowledgements The study has been supported by the German Federal Ministry of Environment, Nature Conservation, and Nuclear Safety (BMU) Authors Lead Author and Research Director: Professor Dr. Ali Al-Karaghouli Reviewers and contributors: Basel Al-Yousfi, Ph.D. Ellen von Zitzewitz Table of Contents List of Abbreviations ---------------------------------------- V 1. Introduction -------------------------------------------- 1 2. Objectives. -------------------------------------------- 1 3. Current Situation of MENA Energy Sector. -------------------- 2 4. Renewable Energy Applications & Potentials in MENA Region. ------ 4 4.1 Solar Energy. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4 4.1.1 Solar Energy Applications. ----------------------------------------------------------------- 4 4.1.2 Solar Energy Potential. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 Solar Thermal Potential. ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - 6 Photovoltaic Potential. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 4.2 Wind Energy. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 4.2.1 Wind Energy Applications. ----------------------------------------------------------------- 9 4.2.2 Wind Energy Potential. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 4.3 Biomass Energy. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11 4.3.1 Biomass Energy Applications. --------------------------------------------------------------- 11 4.3.2 Biomass Energy Potential. ------------------------------------------------------------------ 12 4.4 Hydroelectric Energy. ------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 4.4.1 Hydroelectric Energy Applications. -------------------------------------------------------- 13 4.4.2 Hydropower Energy Potentials. ------------------------------------------------------------ 14 4.5. Geothermal Energy. -------------------------------------------------------------------- 15 4.5.1 Geothermal Energy Applications. --------------------------------------------------------- 15 4.5.2 Geothermal Energy Potentials. ------------------------------------------------------------ 16 5. UN Agencies, International, Regional and National Organizations working in the field of Renewable Energy in MENA Region ----------- 16 6. Assessment of Renewable Energy Status ---------------------- 17 6.1 World Renewable Energy Status -------------------------------------------------------------- 17 6.2 Renewable Energy Status in MENA Region ------------------------------------------- 22 6.3 National Targets for Renewable Energy Technologies Share 17 6.4 Barriers and Constrains to Renewable Energy Deployment in MENA Region. ---- 33 6.5 Bilateral and International Cooperation. ------------------------------------------- 34 6.6 Institutional Framework. --------------------------------------------------------------- 35 6.7 Regulatory and Legislative Framework. -------------------------------------------- 36 7. Recommendations. --------------------------------------- 38 8. Further Information. ------------------------------------ 42 Appendix (1) UN Agencies and International Organizations working in 43 Renewable Energy in MENA Region 1. UN Economic Commissions 43 1.1 United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) 43 1.2 United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (ECA). ----------------------- 45 2. UNEP Regional Offices. -------------------------------------------------------------------- 46 2.1 UNEP Regional Office for West Asia (UNEP/ROWA). -------------------------- 46 2.2 UNEP Regional Office for Africa (UNEP/ROA). ----------------------------------- 47 2.3 United Nations Environment Programme – Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP). 48 3. UNDP Offices in the MENA Region. ----------------------------------------------------- 50 3.1 UNDP in Algeria. ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50 3.2 UNDP in Bahrain. ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50 3.3 UNDP in Djibouti ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 51 3.4 UNDP in Egypt -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 51 3.5 UNDP in Iraq. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 52 3.6 UNDP in Jordan. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 52 3.7 UNDP in Kuwait. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53 3.8 UNDP in Lebanon. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 53 3.9 UNDP in Libya. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 54 3.10 UNDP in Morocco. --------------------------------------------------------------------- 55 3.11 UNDP Programme of Assistance to the Palestinian People. ----------------------- 55 3.12 UNDP in Saudi Arabia. ----------------------------------------------------------------- 56 3.13 UNDP in Somalia. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 56 3.14 UNDP in Sudan. ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 57 3.15 UNDP in Syria. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 58 3.16 UNDP in Tunisia. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 58 3.17 UNDP in the United Arab Emirates. -------------------------------------------------- 59 3.18 UNDP in Yemen. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 59 4. International Organizations. -------------------------------------------------------------- 60 4.1 World Bank. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 60 4.2 Global Environment Facility (GEF). 61 4.3 The Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP). 62 Appendix (2) Regional Organizations. ------------------------------ ----- 64 1. League of Arab States. ------------------------------------------------------------------ 64 2. African Union (AU). --------------------------------------------------------------------- 65 3. Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC). ------------------- 66 4. Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development (AFESD). ------------------ 67 5. Mediterranean Renewable Energy Center (MEDREC). ------------------------- 68 6. Mediterranean Association of the National Agencies for Energy Conservation 69 (MEDENER). ------------------------------------------------------------ 7. Arab League Educational, Cultural & Scientific Organization (ALECSO). 70 8. Islamic Educational, Scientific & Cultural Organization (ISESCO). ---------- 71 9. Mediterranean Environmental Technical Assistance Program (METAP). --- 72 10. Center for Environment and Development for the Arab Region and Europe 74 (CEDARE). -------------------------------------------------------------------- 11. The Euro-Mediterranean Partnership (EuroMed). ------------------------------ 75 12. Trans Mediterranean Renewable Energy cooperation (TREC). -------------- 76 13. Mediterranean Energy Observatory (OME). -------------------------------------- 77 14. Mediterranean Renewable Energy Programme Initiative (MEDREP). ------ 78 Appendix (3) National Organizations/Programs Working with RE in MENA Region 79 1 ALGERIA. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 79 1.1 Renewable Energies development centre (CDER). ------------------------------------ 79 1.2 National Agency for the Promotion and Rationalization of Energy Use (APRUE). --- 80 1.3 New Energy Algeria (NEAL). --------------------------------------------------------------- 81 1.4 Renewable Energy Business in Algeria. --------------------------------------------------- 82 2 EGYPT. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 83 2.1 Organization for Energy Conservation & Planning (OEP). ------------------------- 84 2.2 New & Renewable Energy Authority (NREA). ------------------------------------------ 83 2.3 Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT). ---------------------------- 84 2.4 National Research Center (NRC). --------------------------------------------------------- 85 2.5 Housing & Building Research Center (HBRC). ----------------------------------------- 85 2.6 Egyptian Solar Energy Society (ESES). --------------------------------------------------- 85 2.7 Renewable Energy Business in Egypt. ---------------------------------------------------- 87 3 IRAQ. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 91 3.1 Energy & Environment Research Center (EERC). ------------------------------------- 91 3.2 Renewable Energy Business in Iraq. ------------------------------------------------------ 92 4 JORDAN. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 93 4.1 National Energy Research Centre (NERC). ---------------------------------------------- 93 4.2 Renewable Energy Business in Jordan. --------------------------------------------------- 94 5 KINGDOM OF BAHRAIN. ------------------------------------------------------------ 95 5.1 Bahrain Center for Studies & Research (BCSR). --------------------------------------