The Buddhist View David Paul Boaz Without past, present, future; empty awake mind. The crux of the matter. In the Mahayana Buddhist view of Madhyamaka Prasangika—the Middle Way Consequence School of Nagarjuna (2nd century), Chandrakirti (8th century) and Tsonghapa (14th century)—even the Ultimate Truth that is fundamental great emptiness (ma- hashunyata, dharmakaya) is not a frozen absolute, that is, it is not an essentialist, metaphysical logocentric idol or “false absolute” existing unconditioned and independently as an unknowable “other” transcendent creator God, metaphysical essence, or some vast substrate, entity, being or thing. Emptiness is not a transcendent, deeper reality prior to arising appearing form. Ra- ther, emptiness is a non-essential relativized absolute, abiding ontologically interdependently, as “dependent arising” or “interbeing,” a timeless infinitely vast causal nexus of arising intercon- nected causes and conditions (vasana/quantum “qubits”). This Buddhist View is non- essentialist. There is no essential reality at all. Reality is merely the relative-conventional de- pendent arising of spacetime mental and physical forms. H.H. The Dalai Lama terms this seeming paradox the “emptiness of emptiness.” It is important for us to avoid the misapprehension that emptiness is an absolute reality from which the illusory world emerges... it’s not some kind of [entity] out there somewhere… emptiness must be understood as ‘empty of intrinsic or independent existence’… form’s ultimate nature… (It) does not imply non-existence of phenomena but the emptiness of phe- nomena… its ultimate mode of being… the basis that allows form [to] arise as emptiness. —H. H. The Dalai Lama, Buddhadharma Quarterly, Fall, 2002 How then does emptiness exist? Emptiness is established conceptually, by our relative conven- tional minds. Therefore emptiness does not exist ultimately. Again, it exists merely conventionally, as the reified, conceptually imputed dependent arising of form. Emptiness is not some deeper reality but merely the ultimate nature of conventional, intersubjective reality of the relative spacetime things that appear. Emptiness (shunyata) does not mean nihilistic nothingness or non-existence, as we shall see. The forms of emptiness. There is then a seminal relationship of the Buddha’s Depend- ent Arising (pratitya samutpada/tendrel) of forms and their emptiness matrix base. “Form is emptiness, emptiness is form.” Shakyamuni Buddha taught three aspects of this interdepend- ence of form and emptiness: causal, all phenomena and processes depend upon prior causes and conditions; mereological, wholes are dependent on their parts and parts are dependent on their wholes; conceptual imputation, all arising phenomena and processes are real only by rela- tive-conventional interobjective and intersubjective attribution and designation with no inher- ently real or absolute existence. Therefore all arising physical and mental forms are merely the products of our social interobjective and cultural intersubjective deep background linguistic categories of understanding. With this view of ontological relativity Bohr, Quine, Kuhn and the Neo-Pragmatists would agree. Therefore, according to H. H. The Dalai Lama: First, all conditional things and events in the world come into being only as a result of the interaction of causes and conditions. They don’t just arise from nowhere, fully formed. Second, there is mutual dependence between parts and the whole: without parts there can be no whole, without a whole it makes no sense to speak of parts... Third, anything that exists and has an identity does so only within the total network of everything that has a possible or potential relation to it. No phenomenon exists with an inde- pendent or intrinsic identity. (H. H. The Dalai Lama, 2005, p. 64) Therefore, all phenomena arise in dependence upon prior causes and conditions; phe- nomena arise in mutual interdependence of parts and wholes within the vast unbounded whole (mahabindu); phenomena are absent any separate, essential intrinsic existence because they exist only in dependence on all other related causes and conditions. And this absence of inherent existence or selflessness is emptiness. All emptiness is emptiness of something. No form, no emptiness. No emptiness, no form. Paradoxically, phenomena really do exist relative- ly, but not absolutely. And again, all phenomena are dependently and conceptually designat- ed, that is, they exist only by way of relative-conventionally reified perceptual, conceptual and linguistic attribution, imputation and designation. The relative world of form and formless form arises from our concept/belief “categories of understanding,” all in the vast interdepend- ent causal nexus of the ultimate, basal emptiness ground. Kant and Quine would agree. Moreover, emptiness is selflessness, the absence or nonexistence of an intrinsically exist- ing nature or self. Buddhist Prasangika Madhymaka teaches of the “two selflessnesses,” the self- lessness of the person (rangtong), and the selflessness of phenomena perceived by persons (shentong). The stabilized mind realizing emptiness—the union of shamatha and vipashyanā—is the realization of the utter absence of self-nature in all arising phenomena, both “self” and “other.” This is the liberating realization of the wisdom of emptiness that is the union of rela- tive-conventional mind with its basal ultimate emptiness ground or source. And this Madh- yamaka Middle Way emptiness is none other than the Buddha Nature of the Yogachara school. According to his holiness the Dalai Lama there is no essential difference between these “two wisdoms”—that is to say, between emptiness (shunyata) and Buddha Nature (tatagatagarbha). "Realizing emptiness we realize our intrinsic Buddha Nature. Realizing our Buddha Nature we realize emptiness". The Buddha’s great foundational teaching of no-self (anatman), impermenance (anitya) and interdependent arising (dependent origination/pratitya samutpada) are unified, then real- ized in these two wisdoms. And this realization is the ultimate happiness that cannot be lost (mahasuka/paramananda/beatitudo). Ignorance (avidya/marigpa/ajnana) that is Attraction (desire, greed, pride) and Aversion (fear/anger, aggression) is the non-recognition and failure of reali- zation of these three that is the root cause of human suffering and human evil. This ignorance 2 that is suffering then is a conceptual (vikalpa) superimposition or projection (vikshepa) onto our direct perceptual experience. Thus we “miss the mark” (hamartia/sin) of the timeless nondual perfection of the indwelling presence (vidya/rigpa) of impermanent, selfless, empty, interde- pendent outshining (abhasa) Reality Itself. The possibility of release from this ignorance that is suffering is, of course, the practice of the Buddha’s Eightfold Path, as we shall see. Cause and effect—the Principle of Causality—and its subset, karma, is possible only in a kosmos whose phenomena is interdependently arisen and therefore empty of intrinsic exist- ence. The Buddha’s Heart Sutra (Prajnaparamita-hridaya-sutra) expresses the “fourfold profundi- ty” thusly: “Form is emptiness; emptiness is form; emptiness is not other than form, form is not other than emptiness.” Emptiness (selflessness/impermanence) and the interdependent arising of mental and physical form are nondual, a prior unity. Impermanence (anitya)—gross (long term change) and subtle (continuous moment to moment change)—is the truth that timeless motion or change is the only constant. We are not stable, permanent objects or entities, but inherently and radiantly empty causal processes, self- less quantum event moments (vasana), forever changing relative continua in the infinitely vast continuum that is ultimate Reality Itself. Experience is continuous change. From this vast pri- mordial matrix ground we—and our mind created relative spacetime reality—aggregate, arise, dwell, disaggregate and return. Full bodhi, full awakening is not realizing some “other” trans- cendent ultimate truth, being or creator godhead, abiding beyond or beneath the world of form, but seeing and knowing this interdependent, impermanent, empty, relative conventional spacetime reality exactly “as it is,” in the primal purity of each perception, before we think about it. This primordial awareness wisdom of emptiness is always present. It is who we actu- ally are. The realization of this is the cause of our release from, not adversity, but our emotion- al response to adversity that is suffering. And this freeing is the cause of both our relative and ultimate human happiness. Subtle impermanence is difficult to grasp. It is cloaked in a cloud of unknowing igno- rance (avidya) that is our fear and denial of death (“We cannot overcome our death anxiety, but we can meet it with courage.” —Paul Tillich.) We can meet it with the luminous clarity of clearlight mind.) And from this fear comes the preconscious Attraction and Aversion that cause the negative afflictive emotions (fear, anger, greed, pride) that cause terrible suffering to beings. Through mindfulness and the practice of the Path we remember again and again, and finally moment to moment that “samsara and nirvana are one (samatajnana).” We hold this awareness that our constantly changing mental life—the patter of the stream of consciousness that is the untamed “wild horse of the mind”—is the beautiful process of our intrinsic imper- manence, and this need not be denied and repressed through conceptual superimposition