Ecology of Aphidophaga: Biology, Ecology and Behaviour of Aphidophagous Insects Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium Ponta Delgada 1-6 September 2002 António O. Soares, Maria A. Ventura, Vasco Garcia & Jean-Louis Hemptinne (Eds) Arquipélago - Life and Marine Sciences Supplement 5 2003 ARQUIPÉLAGO Life and Marine Sciences. Bulletin of the University of the Azores. PUBLISHER University of the Azores, Rua Mãe de Deus, Apartado 1422 PT - 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal. GUEST EDITORS FOR SUPPLEMENT 5 António O. Soares, Maria A. Ventura, Vasco Garcia & Jean-Louis Hemptinne INFORMATION ON THE INTERNET Abstracts of all papers as well as instructions to authors are available on the Internet at: http://www.horta.uac.pt/editions/arquipelago.html SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE FOR THIS SUPPLEMENT Professor Ivo Hodek Professor Edward W. Evans Professor Anthony F. G. Dixon Professor Daniel Coderre Professor Manfred Mackauer Professor Jean-Louis Hemptinne Professor Pavel Kindlmann Professor Hironori Yasuda EDITORIAL SECRETARIAT Helen Rost Martins, João M. Gonçalves, Rogério R. Ferraz, Horta. Indexed in: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA), BIOSIS, Current Awareness in Biological Sciences (CABS), Marine Science Content Tables (MSCT), Zoological Record Biology, Ecology and Behaviour of Aphidophagous Insects For purpose of citation, this supplement should be cited as follows: A.O. SOARES, M.A. VENTURA, V. GARCIA & J.-L. HEMPTINNE (Eds) 2003. Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Ecology of Aphidophaga: Biology, Ecology and Behaviour of Aphidophagous Insects. Arquipélago. Life and Marine Sciences. Supplement 5: x + 112 pp. i 8th International Symposium on Ecology of Aphidophaga University of the Azores, Ponta Delgada, 1-6 September 2002 ORGANIZATION SPONSORS ii Biology, Ecology and Behaviour of Aphidophagous Insects TABLE OF CONTENTS PAG. PREFACE v LIST OF PARTICIPANTS vi GROUP PHOTO ix DIXON, A.F.G. & J.-L. HEMPTINNE Ladybirds and the biological control of aphid populations. 1 WIESSER, W.W. Additive effects of pea aphid natural enemies despite intraguild predation. 11 BUENO, V.H.P., A.B. CARNEVALE & M.V.SAMPAIO Host preference of Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) for Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae). 17 SCHELT, J.- V. & F. WÄCKERS. The biological control of Aulacorthum solani (Kaltenbach) (Homoptera: Aphididae) in greenhouse grown pepper; research on a tri-trophic system. 21 MAGRO, A., J-L. HEMPTINNE, A. NAVARRE & A.F.G.DIXON Comparison of the reproductive investment in Coccidophagous and Aphidophagous ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). 29 HEMPTINNE, J.-L., A.F.G. DIXON & E. WYSS Biological control of the rosy apple aphid, Dysaphis plantaginea (Passerini) (Homoptera: Aphididae): learning from the ecology of ladybird beetles. 33 SERPA, L., H. SCHANDERL, C. BRITO & A. O. SOARES Fitness of five phenotypes of Harmonia axyridis Pallas (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). 43 SOARES, A.O., D. CODERRE & H. SCHANDERL Influence of prey quality on the reproductive capacity of two phenotypes of Harmonia axyridis Pallas (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). 51 JAROŠÍK, V., J. POLECHOVÁ, A.F.G. DIXON & A. HONĚK Developmental isomorphy in ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). 55 KINDLMANN, P. & A.F.G. DIXON. Past and future models of predator-prey population dynamics: the importance of generation time ratio. 65 FRÉCHETTE, B., C. ALAUZET & J.-L. HEMPTINNE Oviposition behaviour of the two-spot ladybird beetle Adalia bipunctata (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on plants with conspecific larval tracks. 73 GODEAU, J.-F., J.-L. HEMPTINNE & J.-C. VERHAEGHE Ant trail: a highway for Coccinella magnifica Redtenbacher (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). 79 iii 8th International Symposium on Ecology of Aphidophaga University of the Azores, Ponta Delgada, 1-6 September 2002 RŮŽIČKA, Z. & R. ZEMEK Effects of conspecific and heterospecific larval tracks on mobility and searching patterns of Cycloneda limbifer Say (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) females. 85 BASKY, Z. Predators and parasitoids on different cereal aphid species under caged and no caged conditions in Hungary. 95 FÉLIX, S. & A. O. SOARES Intraguild predation among the aphidophagous ladybird beetles Harmonia axyridis Pallas and Coccinella undecimpunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): characterization of the direction and symmetry. 103 SOARES, A.O., R. B. ELIAS & A. RAIMUNDO Approach to the knowledge of Coccinellidade (Coleoptera) species diversity of Madeira and Porto Santo Islands. 107 iv Biology, Ecology and Behaviour of Aphidophagous Insects PREFACE Aphids and their natural enemies were central stage from 1st to 6th of September, 2002, at the University of the Azores in Ponta Delgada. Aphids were recorded as major pests early in the XXth Century (GAUMONT 1977) and continue to threaten field and greenhouse crops. As a consequence, pesticides are used regularly and intensively, which hampers the move towards sustainable agriculture. In theory, biological control of aphids is an alternative to chemical control but the record of biological control is not good (DIXON 2000). This does not mean that biological control should be abandoned. On the contrary, we should attempt to improve it, and this is the main objective of the IOBC Working Group “Ecology of aphidophaga”. Traditionally the majority of the communications presented at the meetings of this Working Group are on ladybird beetles. This was also the case at this meeting but the prominence of ladybirds was not a deliberate attempt to restrict the scientific scope of the meeting. History partly explains the domination of ladybirds. The outstanding success of Rodolia cardinalis in California many years ago still influences these conferences. This is not the only explanation. Ladybirds are a good model organism for improving our understanding of the role of natural enemies in regulating herbivore populations. Parasitoids have, and continue to be used as models for studying predator prey dynamics. However, the biology of parasitoids differs fundamentally from that of predators (DIXON 2000) and it is therefore unlikely that studies on parasitoids will shed light on all the theoretical and practical aspects of the interactions between prey and natural enemies. Studies on ladybirds complement those on parasitoids and give a better understanding of why the biological control of aphids sometimes fails. This was central to the interesting communications on predator-prey models, guild structure, fundamental biology and applications presented at the meeting. For practitioners confronted with aphid outbreaks, however, theoretical studies may seem a waste of time. In the face of heavy economic losses immediate action often appears to be the only solution. KAREIVA (1996) has highlighted the risks of a “hit and miss” approach to biological control. However, a “search and wait” strategy, in which all efforts are directed to research while farmers sit and wait for a solution, is not practical. The future is a trade-off between research and practice. In theory there is an infinity of possible trade-offs, but which is the best? In Ponta Delgada the Scientific Committee decided that the Working Group should provide opportunities for practitioners of biological control and scientists to meet and discuss mutual problems. Through exchange of ideas and discussion of field results the right trade off will be approached and the gap between academics and practitioners of biological control progressively reduced. The meeting in Ponta Delgada was fruitful in both scientific and strategic terms. I thank the University of the Azores for hosting the congress and the Local Committee for all its efforts and dedication. Muito obrigado pela sua hospitalidade! The next meeting will be held in Japan at Yamagata University in September 2005. The first announcement is already on our web site (http://www.bf.jcu.cz/tix/strita/aphidophaga/main.html). REFERENCES DIXON, A.F.G. 2000. Insect predator-prey dynamics. Ladybird beetles & biological control. Cambridge University Press. 257 pp. GAUMONT, L. 1977. L’importance économique des aphides (Texte inédit publié à l’occasion du centenaire de sa naissance). Annales de Zoologie-Ecologie animale 9: 173-180. KAREIVA, P. 1996. Contribution of ecology to biocontrol. Ecology 77: 1964-1965. v 8th International Symposium on Ecology of Aphidophaga University of the Azores, Ponta Delgada, 1-6 September 2002 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS Basky, Zsuzsa Duelli, Peter Plant Protection Institute of the Hungarian Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Academy of Sciences, P.O.B. 102 HU-1525 Zuercherstr. 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf/Zürich, Budapest, Hungary. E-mail: [email protected] Switzerland. E-mail: [email protected] Bianchi, Félix Evans Edward W. Alterra Green World Research, Department of Biology, Utah State University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, P.O.Box 47, NL-6700 AA Logan, UTA 84322-5305, USA. E-mail: Wageningen, Netherlands. E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Félix, Sandra Boertjes, Bertin Department of Biology, University of the Azores, Applied Plant Reseach, Linnaeuslaan 2a, NL- Rua da Mãe de Deus, Apartado 1422. PT-9501- 1431 JV Aalsmeer, Netherlands. E-mail: 801 Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal. E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Fréchette, Bruno Branquart, Etienne Université Paul Sabatier. Laboratoire d'écologie Belgian Biodiversity Platform / CRNFB Avenue terrestre. UMR 5552. 118 route de Narbonne (4 Maréchal Juin, 23 BE-5030 Gembloux, Belgium.