InitialInitial SuccessSuccess inin DesignDesign andand ModelingModeling ofof aa LandfillLandfill CoverCover usingusing SalixSalix onon thethe SolvaySolvay WasteWaste BedsBeds inin Syracuse,Syracuse, NYNY Presented at the Third International Phytotechnologies Conference April 20-22, 2005 Atlanta, GA D. Daley1, T. Volk2, A. Johnson1, J. Mirck2, L. Abrahamson2 1 Faculty of Environmental Resources and Forest Engineering 2 Faculty of Forest and Natural Resources Management State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 www.esf.edu PresentationPresentation OutlineOutline SiteSite historyhistory ProjectProject goalgoal andand objectivesobjectives VegetationVegetation selectionselection andand managementmanagement ModelModel selectionselection andand calibrationcalibration SummarySummary SiteSite HistoryHistory Soda ash manufacturing using the Solvay process (1887 – 1986) Raw materials locally available limestone, brine (NaCl) and water 1907 – Solvay began operation of settling basins along Onondaga Lake Process residues discharged as a slurry (5% solids) Solvay Process Company Facility and Erie Canal, early 1900s SiteSite LocationLocation Onondaga Lake o 14’ 58” Syracuse, NY o 04’ 26” W 076 N 43 SolvaySolvay ProcessProcess ResiduesResidues WasteWaste BedsBeds 99 toto 1515 15 to 21 m deep 270 ha (662 acres) Primarily a non-hazardous mixture of calcium, magnesium and sodium compounds Stressful growing conditions in shallow soil (<1m depth) pH (8.0 – 12.3) Electrical conductivity (0.5 – 9.2 dS/m) Organic matter (0 - 3.9%) WasteWaste BedsBeds 1313 -- 1515 ProjectProject GoalGoal andand ObjectivesObjectives • Determine the feasibility • Evaluate the feasibility of of using willow shrubs as large-scale willow biomass crop production on the part of a multipurpose crop production on the part of a multipurpose waste beds. landfill closure project. • Determine the value of the • Screen varieties suitable for willow biomass crops for wastebed environment. green fuel, bioproducts and • Evaluate transpiration by recreation. willow shrubs. • Model the effect of evapotranspiration on leachate generation. WillowWillow BiomassBiomass CropCrop ManagementManagement ChallengesChallenges Water: Select willow varieties that are productive on this site Promote evaporation and transpiration to decrease deep percolation (leachate generation) Vegetation interception Low water use efficiency Planting density and design Understory vegetation management Soils: Overcome harsh growing conditions Incorporate organic matter to : Enhance survival, growth and productivity Improve soil water availability and capacity Provide long-term beneficial use option for genergeneratorsators of biosolids and organic mulch VegetationVegetation SelectionSelection WhyWhy willow?willow? one of the first woody species to establish naturally tolerant of harsh conditions high transpiration rates high growth rates genetic diversity Naturally established willow and poplar on the Solvay waste beds. GreenhouseGreenhouse ScreeningScreening TrialsTrials Screened 40 varieties of willow and hybrid poplar from SUNY-ESF collection Used biosolids amended waste, unamended waste and a control Used aboveground and belowground growth results to select 10 varieties to test in field Greenhouse screening trial of 40 willow trials and hybrid poplar varieties. GrowthGrowth andand YieldYield TrialsTrials TwoTwo plotsplots (2004)(2004) biosolids-amended (1986) unamended waste TwoTwo cuttingcutting lengthslengths (25(25 andand 5050 cm)cm) PlantingPlanting densitydensity 15,000/ha (6,000/ac) First-year growth of willow on biosolids-amended Solvay waste First Biosolids-year Survival of Willow on -amended Solvay Waste 120 100 80 60 25 cm 50 cm Survival40 (%) 20 80.1% survival 0 on unamended waste (Field 2) 98101-66 9837-77 9870-23 9871-26 9871-31 Salix S 365 varieties SV1 SX 61 SX 64 First Year Growth of Willow on Biosolids - 100 amended Solvay Waste 25 cm t) 80 lo 50 cm /p 2 60 40 Basal20 area (cm 0 98101-66 9837-77 9870-23 9871-26 9871-31 Salix S 365 varie SV1 Average basal area tie SX 61 s SX 64 on Field 2 (unamended waste) (1.2 cm 2/plot ) ConceptualConceptual HydrologicHydrologic ModelModel PPT = (E + T) + RO + ∆S + D Provided by Honeywell and O’Brien & Gere ConceptualConceptual HeatHeat andand WaterWater ModelModel forfor aa WillowWillow BiomassBiomass CropCrop Climate PPT = 1,018 mm annually PPT = 560 mm (Nov – Apr) o Average temp. = 8.3 C Crop Management 3-year harvest rotation Soil modifications with organic amendments & tillage Determine effect on percolation (leachate generation) (Figure supplied by USDA) TheThe SimultaneousSimultaneous HeatHeat andand WaterWater (SHAW)(SHAW) ModelModel OneOne--dimensionaldimensional modelmodel developeddeveloped toto simulatesimulate soilsoil freezingfreezing andand thawing.thawing. SimulatesSimulates snowsnow accumulationaccumulation andand snowmelt,snowmelt, transpirationtranspiration andand actualactual evaporation.evaporation. IncorporatesIncorporates biomassbiomass andand otherother cropcrop managementmanagement practicespractices asas inputinput parameters.parameters. ModelModel CalibrationCalibration UsingUsing SapSap FlowFlow StemStem heatheat balancebalance methodmethod Three-year old willow on mineral soil Sensor sizes range from 10 - 35mm Measure:Measure: sapsap flowflow (g/hr/stem)(g/hr/stem) andand stemstem diameterdiameter distributiondistribution (stem/ha)(stem/ha) Compute:Compute: StandStand--scalescale sapsap flowflow (l/day)(l/day) SeasonStem Sap Size Flow Differences for One Variety in Late 4 3. y) 5 a 3 l/d ( 2. w 5 o fl 2 1. p 5 Sa 1 0. 5 0 9/16/2004 9/19/2004 9/22/2004 9/25/2004 9/28/2004 10/1/20 04 10/4/20 04 10 /7/20 04 10/10/2 004 S X 10/13/2 004 64 S , 16m X 10/16 /2 004 64 S , 25m m X s 64 ap f 10/19 /2 004 , 35m m Ti s lo ap f w m e 10/22/2004 m l/ ( s lo day d ap f w a y 10/25/2 004 l/ ) lo day w l 10/28/2 004 /day 10/31/2 004 11/3/20 04 11/6/20 04 11/9/20 04 11/12/2 004 11/15/2 004 Stem Diameter Distribution to Determine Stand 2000 1800 0 -1 1600 0 1400 0 1200 0 1000 0 0 800 0 600 0 Number400 of stems ha - 0 200 level Sap Flow 0 0 <10 10 _ 13 Di 13_16 am S2 SV1 5 eter class16_1 (mm)9 SX6 19_22 4 22_25 25_28 28_31 31_34 Sensor sizes (16,34_ 37 37_40 >40 25, 35 mm) ProjectedProjected LateLate SeasonSeason SapSap FlowFlow SalixSalix VarietyVariety SapSap FlowFlow SapSap FlowFlow (mm)(mm) ((l/d/plantl/d/plant)) S25S25 180180 3.43.4 SV1SV1 6565 1.21.2 SX64SX64 131131 2.52.5 October 8 – November 15, 2004 SummarySummary WillowWillow ((SalixSalix)) cancan bebe successfullysuccessfully establishedestablished whenwhen organicorganic amendmentsamendments areare incorporatedincorporated intointo wastebedswastebeds LateLate seasonseason transpirationtranspiration byby willowwillow isis importantimportant toto thethe waterwater balancebalance GrowthGrowth ratesrates andand transpirationtranspiration ratesrates varyvary amongstamongst willowwillow varietiesvarieties EarlyEarly modelingmodeling indicateindicate thatthat SalixSalix minimizesminimizes deepdeep percolationpercolation FutureFuture ActivitiesActivities -- 20052005 MonitorMonitor keykey soilsoil andand vegetationvegetation characteristicscharacteristics onon thethe wastewaste bedsbeds BeginBegin trialstrials onon thethe wastewaste bedsbeds withwith differentdifferent organicorganic amendmentsamendments QuantifyQuantify sapsap flowflow overover entireentire growinggrowing seasonseason CompleteComplete initialinitial modelmodel runsruns andand identifyidentify keykey variablesvariables CalibrateCalibrate andand verifyverify modelmodel outputoutput AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements HoneywellHoneywell InternationalInternational O’BrienO’Brien && GereGere CompaniesCompanies SelectionSelection ofof SalixSalix forfor FieldField TrialsTrials SelectionSelection criteria:criteria: Survival Below-ground biomass (consider root : shoot ratio) High water use “efficiency” (e.g. high water use : biomass Greenhouse screening trial of 40 ratio) willow and hybrid poplar clones..