REPTILIA: SQUAMATA: IGUANIDAE Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles. Powell, R. 2000. Cyclura onchiopsis. Cyclura onchiopsis Cope Navassa Island Rhinoceros Iguana Metopoceros curnutus: Cope 1866: 124 (part). Cyclura nigerrima Cope 1885: 1006. Nomen nudum. See Re- marks. Cyclura onchiopsis Cope 1885: 1006. Type locality, "from an unknown locality," restricted by Cope (1885 [1886]) to "Navassa Island." Holotype, National Museum of Natural History (USNM) 9977, an adult female, collected July 1878, 0 40 80 120 160 km by H.E. Klotz (examined by author). See Remarks. II.III1'I Cyclura cornuta: Cope 1885 (1886): (part). MAP. Distribution of Cyclura otzchiopsis. The circle represents Navassa Cyclura cornuta nigerrima: Barbour 1937: 132. See Remarks. Island, the type locality and entire range of the species. Cyclura comta onchiopsis: Schwartz and Thomas 1975: 112. See Remarks. Cyclura comuta onchioppsis: Blair 199357. Lapsus. CONTENT. Cyclura onchiopsis is monotypic. DEFINITION. Cyclura onchiopsis is a large Rhinoceros Igua- na in the C. cornuta complex; maximum known SVL of females is 378 mm, of males 420 mm (Schwartz and Carey 1977). Schwartz and Carey (1977) also provided the following descrip- tion (N = 3): "modally 2 rows of scales between the prefrontal shields and the frontal scale. 4 and 6 scale rows between the supraorbital semicircles and the interparietal (no mode), 7 supra- labials to eye center in all specimens, 6 to 10 (no mode) sublabials to eye center, 33 to 38 (i = 36.3) femoral pores, 38 to 41 (r = 38.6) fourth toe subdigital scales, middorsal scales in fifth caudal verticil7 in all specimens, dorsolateral body scales in naris-eye distance 30 to 44, scale rows between rostra1 and nasals 1 or 2; adults as preserved dark and patternless, juveniles unknown." DIAGNOSIS. Cyclura onchiopsis may be distinguished from all congeners except C. cornuta and C. slejnegeri by the presence of 1-2 pairs of enlarged prefrontals and an enlarged frontal. Cyclura onchiopsis is distinguished from C, cornuta and C. stejnegeri by 30-44 dorsolateral scales in a distance equal to that between the naris and the eye (versus 13-26 in C. cornuta and C. stejnegeri). A number of additional modal differences, many with non-overlapping ranges, also serve to distinguish these closely related species (Schwartz and Carey 1977). DESCRIPTIONS. Descriptions specifically of Navassan FIGURE 2. Juvenile Cyclura onchiopsis (paratype, USNM 12239). animals, some very brief, are in Barbour and Noble (1916), Cope (1885,1885 [1886]),and Schwartz and Carey (1977). Cochran (1941) compared C. onchiopsis with other Rhinoceros Iguanas. 1885 118861) original descriptions, most pertinent references ILLUSTRATIONS. Photographs of dorsal and lateral views have addressed either the extinct or taxonomic status of this of a museum specimen (MCZ 47 17) are in Barbour and Noble form, and are listed elsewhere in this account. (1916), who also provided drawings of a tail segment and of a The species (under various names listed in the synonymy) is foot. Powell (2000) included a photograph of USNM 12239. included in notes, checklists, guides, and keys by Arest6 (1998), Barbour (1914.19 19,1930,1935,1937). Barbour and Loveridge DISTRIBUTION. Cyclura onchiopsis was endemic to (1929), Bartlett and Bartlett (1995), Boulenger (1885), Burghardt Navassa Island, where presumably it was found islandwide prior and Rand ( 1982),Cope ( 1868), Etheridge (l982), Garman (1887 to its extinction (see Remarks). [1888]), MacLean et al. (1977), Powell et al. (1996, 1999), Rosenthal (1996), Schmidt (1920, 1921, 1926), Schwartz and FOSSIL RECORD. Patton (1967 [1968]) reported Cyclura Henderson (1985, 1988), Schwartz and Thomas (1975). sp. of "probable Pleistocene age" from Navassa. Sprackland (1992), Thomas (1966). WIISG (1999), and Wester- mann (1953); some of these included references to relationships PERTINENT LITERATURE. Other than Cope's (1885, within the genus or brief descriptions. Additonal references to this species may be indistinguishably Henderson, Milwaukee Public Museum, helped locate difficult subsumed under the name Cyclura cornuta; for example, de references. Queiroz (1987) examined an x-ray of MCZ 9974 in the context of an osteological study, but did not acknowledge what were LITERATURE CITED then regarded as subspecies (in litt., 3.XI.99). Similarly, Banks ArestC, M. 1998. Cyclura. The Ground Iguanas of the Caribbean. et al. (1987) listed "Cyclura cornuta (Bonnaterre, 1789)," but Reptilia 2 (March/April):52-57. whether this was in reference to escaped Hispaniolan animals Banks, R.C., R.W. McDiarmid, and A.L. Gardner (eds.). 1987. in Florida, to C. onchiopsis on Navassa Island, or C. stejnegeri Checklist of vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Terri- from Isla Mona is uncertain. tories, and Canada. U.S. Dept. Int. Fish Wildl. Sew. Res. Publ. (166):ii + 79 p. REMARKS. Schwartz and Carey (1977) rightly note that Barbour, T. 1914. A contribution to the zoogeography of the Cycllrra nigerrima is a nomeri nudum. Although both names, West Indies, with especial reference to amphibians and reptiles. onchiopsis and nigerrima, were used by Cope (1 885), only the Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. 44:209-359 + 1 pl. --. 1919. A new Rock Iguana from Porto Rico. Proc. Biol. Soc. former was diagnosed. Nearly a year later, Cope (1 885 [ 18861) Washington 32: 145-148. provided a diagnosis of nigerrima. However, as Navassa -. 1930. A list of Antillean reptiles and amphibians. Zoologica undoubtedly "supported but a single species of Cyclura, (NY) 115-116. nigerrima must stand in the synonymy of onchiopsis" (Schwartz -. 1935. A second list of Antillean reptiles and amphibians. and Carey 1977). Zoologica (NY) 19:77-141. Schwartz and Carey (1977) stated that USNM 9977, USNM -. 1937. Third list of Antillean reptiles and amphibians. Bull. 12239, and MCZ 47 17 are syntypes of C. onchiopsis, although Mus. Comp. Zool. 82:77-166. the USNM catalogue lists only 9977 as the holotype and notes - and A. Loveridge. 1929. Typical reptiles and amphibians. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoijl. 69:203-360. that both 9978 and 12239 could be a "possible paratype of - and G.K. Noble. 1916. A revision of the lizards of the genus Cyclura onchiopsis (although only one large specimen is Cyclura. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 60:137-164 + 5 pl. mentioned in the original description)." USNM 9978 is no longer Bartlett, R.D. and P.P. Bartlett. 1995. Iguanas. Everything about extant and "is probably the specimen exchanged to the Museum Selection, Care, Nutrition. Diseases, Breeding. and Behavior. of Comparative Zoology (= MCZ 47 17) although Cochran Barron's Educ. Ser., Inc., Hauppaug, New York. (1961) indicated the exchanged specimen was out of USNM Blair, D.W. 1993. West Indian Rock Iguanas: their status in the 9977." wild and efforts to breed them in captivity, p. 55-66. 111 R.E. Considerable confusion exists in the literature regarding the Staub (ed.), Proceedings of the Northern California Herpeto- logical Society's 1991 Conference on Captive Propagation relationships of Cyclura from Hispaniola, Navassa Island, and and Husbandry of Reptiles and Amphibians. California Her- Mona Island (Gloret al. 2000). Cope (1885) placed Hispaniolan petol. Soc. Spec. Publ. (6), Davis, California. cornuta in the monotypic genus Metopocerus, but included Boulenger, G.A. 1885. Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Navassan onchiopsis and nigerrima in Cyclura. However, Cope Museum (Natural History). Vol. 2. Trustees Brit. Mus., Lon- (1885 [1886]) referred "both" Navassan species to C. cornuta. don. Barbour and Noble (1916) reestablished the Navassan form as Burghardt, G.M. and A.S. Rand. 1982. Section IV. Conservation distinct from C. cornuta, but Barbour (1937). without comment, and management, p. 391-396. In G.M. Burghardt and A.S. listed the Navassan and Mona Island forms as subspecies of C. Rand (eds.), Iguanas of the World: Their Behavior, Ecology, cornuta. Although Carey (1975) recognized the specific status and conservation. Noyes Publ., Park Ridge, New Jersey. Carey, W.M. 1975. The Rock Iguana, Cyclura pingrris, on of all three forms, most recent authors (e.g., Schwartz and Anegada, British Virgin Islands, with notes on Cyclura ricordi Thomas 1975, Schwartz and Carey 1977; Schwartz and and Cyclura cornuta. Bull. Florida St. Mus. Biol. Sci. 19:189- Henderson 1988,1991; Powell et al. 1996,1999; Thomas 1999) 233. have considered C. cornuta subspecifically related to C. Cochran, D.M. 1941. The Herpetology of Hispaniola. Bull. U.S. onchiopsis and C.stejnegeri. However, Powell (1993) listed C. Natl. Mus. (177):vii + 398 p. cornuta among Hispaniolan taxa then recognized as subspecies -. 1961. Type specimens of reptiles and amphibians in the U.S. that might warrant full species status, implying that C. onchiopsis National Museum. Bull. U.S. Natl. Nus. (220):xv + 291 p. Cope, E.D. 1866. Fourth contribution to the herpetology of and C. stejnegeri were similarly deserving of such recognition. tropical America. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 18:122- Powell (1999) re-elevated C. onchiopsis and also strongly 132. encouraged recognition of C. stejnegeri as a full species. Powell -. 1868. An examination of the Reptilia and Batrachia obtained and Henderson (1999) followed those recommendations. by the Orron Expedition to Ecuador and the upper Amazon, Cyclura onchiopsis is undoubtedly extinct and, like all of its with notes on other species. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia congeners, probably was extremely vulnerable to human 20:96-140. exvloitation. habitat alteration. and introduced vredators. -. 1885. The large iguanas of the Greater Antilles. Amer. Nat. ~c'hwartzand Carey (1977) suggested that the introkuction of 19:1005-1006. cats or goats by the lighthouse keepers in the early 20Ih century -. 1885 (1886). On the species of Iguaninre. Proc. Amer. Philos. SOC.23:261-271. may have been responsible, but Powell (1999) indicated that de Queiroz, K. 1987. Phylogenetic systematics of iguanine exploitation by mine workers in the last half of the 19Ihcentury lizards: a comparative ostelogical study. Univ. California Publ. was a more probable cause.