THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA PRESIDENT’S OFFICE – REGIONAL ADMINISTRATION AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT MUSOMA MUNICIPAL COUNCIL STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT REPORT 2016 1 | State of Environment R e p o r t - M u s o m a M . C 2016 Published by the Municipal Directors’ Office, Department of Environment, Musoma Municipal Council, Mara Region, United Republic of Tanzania, 2016. Copyright @2016 Department of Environment, Municipal Director’s Office This publication may be reproduced for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holders provided acknowledgement of the source is made. The Municipal Director’s Office would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. Prepared by: Fikiri S. Kenyela Municipal Environment Management Officer Musoma Municipal Council Contacts: 0764646640/0759923615 For further information, please contact: Department of Environment, Municipal Director’s Office, P.O. Box 194, MUSOMA. TANZANIA. E-mail: [email protected] Fax No. 028-2620550 Tell No. 028-2622208/2622550 2 | State of Environment R e p o r t - M u s o m a M . C 2016 Table of Contents LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................................................. 6 LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................................ 7 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................ 8 FOREWORD ................................................................................................................................................... 9 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................................................. 11 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 12 CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................................. 18 1.0 MUSOMA MUNICIPAL COUNCIL AT A GLANCE ..................................................................................... 18 1.1 Location and Administrative Boundaries .......................................................................................... 18 I.1.1 Location ....................................................................................................................................... 18 1.1.2 Administrative Setting................................................................................................................ 19 1.2 The Historical Development.............................................................................................................. 20 1.3 People and Population Dynamics ..................................................................................................... 21 1.3.1 People of Musoma ..................................................................................................................... 21 1.3.2 Population Dynamics ................................................................................................................. 21 1.5 Physiographic Features ..................................................................................................................... 21 1.5.1 Topography and Drainage .......................................................................................................... 22 1.5.2 Soils and Geology .................................................................................................................. 22 1.5.3 Rainfall and Climate ............................................................................................................... 22 1.5.4 Vegetation ............................................................................................................................... 22 CHAPTER TWO ....................................................................................................................................... 24 2.0 DRIVING FORCES ........................................................................................................................... 24 2.1 An interconnected world ............................................................................................................... 24 2.2 Key drivers for Musoma Municipal Council .............................................................................. 25 2.2.1 Demography ............................................................................................................................ 25 2.2.2 Economic activities ................................................................................................................. 27 2.2.3 Human development .............................................................................................................. 29 2.2.4 Governance ............................................................................................................................. 29 2.2.5 Level of Science and Technology ........................................................................................ 29 2.3 Implications for the environment ................................................................................................. 30 2.3.1 A changing climate ................................................................................................................. 30 CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................................................... 31 3.0 PRESSURES ..................................................................................................................................... 31 3 | State of Environment R e p o r t - M u s o m a M . C 2016 3.1 Wetlands ......................................................................................................................................... 32 3.2 Climate change .............................................................................................................................. 33 3.2.1 Changes in atmospheric composition ................................................................................. 34 3.2.2 Changes in sea levels............................................................................................................ 34 3.2.3 Productive lands and climate change ................................................................................. 34 3.2.4 Tree cutting and vegetation clearing ................................................................................... 34 3.3 Agriculture and Food production ................................................................................................. 35 3.4 Livestock Keeping ......................................................................................................................... 36 3.5 Soil loss and degradation ............................................................................................................. 38 3.6 Urban development .......................................................................................................................... 38 3.7 Invasive species ................................................................................................................................. 40 3.8 Disease .............................................................................................................................................. 42 3.9 Pollution ............................................................................................................................................ 42 3.9.1 Air pollution ............................................................................................................................... 42 3.9.2 Water pollution .......................................................................................................................... 43 3.9.3 Land pollution ............................................................................................................................ 45 3.10 Water extraction and consumption ................................................................................................ 46 3.11 Fishing ............................................................................................................................................. 47 3.12 Mining ............................................................................................................................................. 48 3.12 Environmental Disturbances and Natural Catastrophes ................................................................ 48 CHAPTER FOUR ..................................................................................................................................... 51 4.0 State .................................................................................................................................................... 51 4.1 Atmosphere ...................................................................................................................................... 51 4.1.1 Climate ....................................................................................................................................... 51 4.2 Water and Aquatic Ecosystems .......................................................................................................