Würzburger Geographische Arbeiten Daniel Mann The smell of Ujamaa is still there Tanzania’s Path of Development between Grassroots Socialism and Central State Control in Ruvuma Band 121 Daniel Mann “The smell of Ujamaa is still there” a WÜRZBURGER GEOGRAPHISCHE ARBEITEN Herausgegeben vom Institut für Geographie und Geologie der Universität Würzburg in Verbindung mit der Geographischen Gesellschaft Würzburg Herausgeber R. Baumhauer, B. Hahn, H. Job, H. Paeth, J. Rauh, B. Terhorst Schriftleitung R. Klein Band 121 Die Schriftenreihe Würzburger Geographische Arbeiten wird vom Institut für Geographie und Geologie zusammen mit der Geographischen Gesellschaft herausgegeben. Die Beiträge umfassen mit wirtschafts-, sozial- und naturwis- senschaftlichen Forschungsperspektiven die gesamte thematische Bandbreite der Geographie. Der erste Band der Reihe erschien 1953. b Daniel Mann “The smell of Ujamaa is still there” Tanzania’s Path of Development between Grassroots Socialism and Central State Control in Ruvuma c Dissertation, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Philosophische Fakultät, 2017 Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Hubert Job, Prof. Dr. Barbara Sponholz Impressum Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Würzburg University Press Universitätsbibliothek Würzburg Am Hubland D-97074 Würzburg www.wup.uni-wuerzburg.de © 2017 Würzburg University Press Print on Demand ISSN 0510-9833 (print) ISSN 2194-3656 (online) ISBN 978-3-95826-066-5 (print) ISBN 978-3-95826-067-2 (online) urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-154079 Except otherwise noted, this document – excluding the cover – is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA 4.0): https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ The cover page is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommerical-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0): https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 d Acknowledgements The following PhD thesis would not have been possible without the financial and institutional support of Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung and their scholarship program. In particular, my deepest gratitude goes to Dr. Ursula Bitzegeio and Simone Stöhr for their continued encouragement throughout the entire research process. The success- ful conclusion of this dissertation would not have been feasible without the endorse- ment of a number of people, to all of whom I would like to express my appreciation at this point. First of all, I have to thank my supervisor, Prof. Dr. Hubert Job. Not only for his constant scientific advice and constructive exchange throughout this PhD study, but first and foremost for giving me the great opportunity to partake in his extensive knowledge and deep compassion for Sub-Saharan Africa – ever since my first visit to Kenya on a field trip back in 2009. I would also like to take the opportunity to thank Prof. Dr. Barbara Sponholz for her offer to act as the secondary assessor for this thesis. Furthermore, I am obliged to my colleagues and friends at the Chair for Geog- raphy and Regional Studies at the University of Würzburg, Manuel Woltering, Jo- hannes Schamel, Cornelius Merlin, Anu Lama, and Manuel Engelbauer, for their valuable inspiration and constructive suggestions throughout my years at the In- stitute for Geography. In particular, I would like to thank Ferdinand Paesler for his inestimable insights into the development discourse and the countless inspiring discussions on the progress of Africa. Additionally, I would like to express my gratitude to Winfried Weber, for the preparation of the cartographic features of this thesis and his continued support in the creation of graphics and figures. For a research like this, it goes without mentioning that the entire project would not have been possible without the support and the cooperation of the people of Ruvuma, and especially the inhabitants of Litowa, Matetereka and Mbingamharule. I will forever be obliged to their openness to this study and their engagement in its progression. Special thanks have to go to Lukas Mayemba for his hospitality during my stay in his village, and all the other wazee who offered their wisdom for the fruition of this thesis. Above all else, I have to thank the St. Augustine University at Mwanza and the Archbishop James University College at Songea for their institutional support, with- out which the groundwork in Ruvuma would have been impossible. Especially, I would like to extend my deepest appreciation to my friends Noel Joram and Dennis Mpazagade, without whom I would never have gotten the access necessary for this study. Furthermore, I would like to thank Lena Dörsch for her support during the mapping of the villages and Neil Warner for proofreading the manuscript. Last but not least, I would like to extend my thankfulness to my family, who has always supported my scientific career, and all of my friends, who offered to me their moral encouragement. Particularly, I am obliged to my comrades Johanna, Claas and Milos, for their neverending appreciation of my work, in good and in bad e times. Finally, I have to thank my friend Annika Tulke for her invaluable support and friendship throughout the whole process. Without her advice, this thesis would never have been possible. Würzburg, May 2017 Daniel Mann f Content Content ..................................................................................................................................I List of Figures ....................................................................................................................IV List of Tables ......................................................................................................................IV List of Maps ........................................................................................................................ V Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................... V Glossary of Kiswahili terms used in this thesis ............................................................VI Abstract ........................................................................................................................... VIII Zusammenfassung ........................................................................................................... IX 1 Introduction: The Tanzanian path of development ................................................ 1 2 Concepts of Development ............................................................................................ 8 2.1 Terms, Definitions and “Grand theories” ............................................................ 8 2.2 Socialist Development Theories .......................................................................... 13 2.2.1 Classical Marxian understanding of development ................................ 14 2.2.2 Theories of Imperialism ............................................................................. 22 2.2.3 Towards a geographic understanding of socialist development concepts ........................................................................................................ 30 2.3 Ujamaa: Background and Ideology of Tanzania’s development paradigm ................................................................................................................. 32 2.3.1 Basic Elements of the Ujamaa ideology ................................................... 33 2.3.2 The Image of Traditional Communitarism in Africa and its relevance for Ujamaa .................................................................................. 37 2.3.3 The ideological development of African Socialism ............................... 41 2.3.4 Influences of and differences to European Socialism and Marxism ....................................................................................................... 47 2.3.5 The Concept of Class in the Tanzanian Situation ................................... 54 2.3.6 The role of the Party ................................................................................... 69 3 History of development policies and strategies in Tanzania .............................. 76 3.1 Pre-colonial situation and colonial “development” ......................................... 76 3.2 Early post-independence strategy....................................................................... 81 3.3 The period of Ujamaa ........................................................................................... 84 3.3.1 The rise and disbanding of the Ruvuma Development Association (RDA) ...................................................................................... 84 3.3.2 Establishment of Ujamaa as a nationwide strategy ............................. 101 3.3.3 Villagization ............................................................................................... 106 3.3.4 Economic difficulties and the end of Ujamaa ....................................... 112 3.4 Neoliberal shift and Structural Adjustment Programs from the 1980s onwards ...................................................................................... 119 3.5 Recent development strategies and policies in Tanzania ............................................................................................. 123 I 4 The Research Process ................................................................................................ 128 4.1 Methodological considerations: How participatory and how extractive? ...........................................................................................