SOUTH KOREAN PARENTS’ GOALS, KNOWLEDGE, PRACTICES, AND NEEDS REGARDING MUSIC EDUCATION FOR YOUNG CHILDREN _________________________________________________________ A Dissertation presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School University of Missouri _______________________________ In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy _______________________________ by HYUN KYUNG YOUM Dr. Wendy Sims, Dissertation Supervisor DECEMBER 2008 © Copyright by Hyun Kyung Youm 2008 All Rights Reserved The undersigned, appointed by the Dean of the Graduate School, have examined the dissertation entitled SOUTH KOREAN PARENTS’ GOALS, KNOWLEDGE, PRACTICES, AND NEEDS REGARDING MUSIC EDUCATION FOR YOUNG CHILDREN Presented by Hyun-Kyung Youm A candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy And hereby certify that in their opinion it is worthy of acceptance. ___________________________________________________ Professor Wendy Sims ___________________________________________________ Professor Martin Bergee ___________________________________________________ Professor Roy Fox ___________________________________________________ Professor Kathleen Unrath ___________________________________________________ Professor Julia Gaines This work is lovingly dedicated to My parents, Young Sup Youm & Chung Ja Bang who give me their unconditional love and always trust me My parents-in-law, Jae Sook Woo & Jae Chul Huh who give me much inspiration and offer many blessings My husband, Inho Huh who gives me unwavering support and shows patience My son, Ji Woong Huh who gives me infinite energy and great joy ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to God for this process of inquiry and for the wonderful people who have assisted me during the journey that resulted in this dissertation. I would like to express my deep appreciation to my academic advisor, Dr. Wendy Sims, for her guidance and support throughout this study. Her expertise and dedicated mentorship inspired me and led me to successfully complete my dissertation. I also would like to extend my appreciation to my dissertation committee members, Dr. Martin Bergee, Dr. Roy Fox, Dr. Kathleen Unrath, and Dr. Julia Gaines, for their thoughtful suggestions. Their input helped me improve the quality of this study. My thanks go to my colleagues, Dr. Carolyn Prentice, Dr. Belinda Smith, and Dori Waggoner, who reviewed this dissertation despite their busy schedules. Their debriefings significantly influenced the quality of my work and helped increase the credibility of this study. Additionally, I thank my Korean colleagues who cross-checked my translation of Korean transcriptions into English. Dr. Hyun Ju Chong, Dr. Seungkwon You, Dr. Yeon Ha Kim, and Mi Jung Park contributed greatly with their reviews of my translation work and they helped make this study more trustworthy. I wish to express my special thanks to my friend, Lynne Jensen Lampe, for her great assistance in editing this study and for her emotional support of me throughout this process. Finally, I sincerely appreciate all 22 participants and their children, who graciously allowed me to interview and observe them. Without their cooperation and willingness to participate, this study would never have been possible. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................ ii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. vi ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... viii Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1 Background of Music Education in South Korea ........................................................ 3 Need for the Study ....................................................................................................... 6 Purpose of the Study .................................................................................................... 8 Research Questions ...................................................................................................... 9 Definitions of Terms .................................................................................................. 10 Delimitations .............................................................................................................. 11 Significance of the Study ........................................................................................... 11 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ................................................................. 13 Music and Child Development .................................................................................. 14 Developmentally Appropriate Music Practice ........................................................... 21 Parent Involvement in Early Childhood Music Education ........................................ 25 Parent-Involved Music Programs .............................................................................. 33 Parent Education in Music ......................................................................................... 43 3. METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURES ................................................................ 47 Confidentiality ........................................................................................................... 47 Research Design ........................................................................................................ 48 iii Site Selection ............................................................................................................. 49 Participants................................................................................................................. 50 Development of the Questionnaire and Interview Protocols ..................................... 54 Translation Issues ...................................................................................................... 55 Procedure for Gaining Access to the Families and Interviews .................................. 60 Data Collection .......................................................................................................... 63 Data Analysis ............................................................................................................. 66 Trustworthiness .......................................................................................................... 77 Summary .................................................................................................................... 81 4. FINDINGS ................................................................................................................. 82 Parents’ Goals for Music Programs ........................................................................... 83 Parents’ Knowledge of Music Programs ................................................................. 108 Parents’ Practices for Music Activities .................................................................... 123 Parents’ Needs for Music Education ....................................................................... 152 Summary .................................................................................................................. 171 5. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS ................................................................... 173 Discussion of Findings............................................................................................. 174 Limitations ............................................................................................................... 189 Recommendations for Future Research ................................................................... 190 Implications and Conclusions .................................................................................. 192 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 194 iv APPENDIX A. INITIAL GREETING TELEPHONE INTERVIEW SCRIPT ............................... 207 B. INVITATIONAL LETTER TO PARENTS............................................................ 209 C. PARENT CONSENT LETTER .............................................................................. 211 D. WRITTEN QUESTIONNAIRE .............................................................................. 213 E. INTERVIEW PROTOCOL: MAIN QUESTIONS AND PROMPTS .................... 217 F. FAMILY PROFILES ............................................................................................... 221 G. MASTER OUTLINE OF FINDINGS ..................................................................... 243 H. TIMELINE FOR STUDY ....................................................................................... 246 VITA ............................................................................................................................... 247 v LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Family Demographics of Participants ......................................................................... 52 2. Music Programs That Families Attend(ed) ................................................................. 53 3. Summary of the Research Design ............................................................................... 81 4. Parents’ Goals for a Music Program for Their Children ............................................. 84 5. Parents’ Responses to the First