ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS Volume 65 126 Number 4, 2017 https://doi.org/10.11118/actaun201765041213 VILLA KRATOCHVÍLE AS AN EXAMPLE OF AN ITALIAN GARDEN IN THE CZECH LANDS Zora Kulhánková1 1Department of Garden and Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Horticulture, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic Abstract KULHÁNKOVÁ ZORA. 2017. Villa Kratochvíle as an Example of an Italian Garden in the Czech Lands. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 65(4): 1213 – 1223. The paper deals with an example of the Italian garden applied as a type in the Czech lands. Villa Kratochvíle is one of the very few cases of an independently created Renaissance villa in the territory of the Czech Republic. Its author was an Italian builder coming from the area around Como Lake – Baldassare Maggi and he was commissioned by a significant Czech nobleman, William of Rosenberg. Villa Kratochvíle together with the surrounding landscape is compared with the landscape of lakes around Mantua and Palazzo Te, which is typologically similar. Especially the use of large water bodies is what these two places and their surrounding landscape have in common. Italian arts came to the Czech lands directly with Italian artists – one of them was the garden design. However, it was transformed there by the cultural tradition as well as the geographical location. Keywords: villa Kratochvíle, history of garden design, Czech historic garden, garden design development, Czech Renaissance INTRODUCTION for the ruler and important aristocrats. One of Czech lands had an important position in the most important ones was William of Rosenberg, the political and cultural sphere of Europe in the first who served as the High Burgrave. half of the 16th century. Prague was one of the seats of the Austrian branch of the Habsburgs, who had MATERIAL AND METHODS just ascended to the Czech throne. The first ruler The model building, Villa Kratochvíle, has been was Ferdinand I (1503 – 1564). He was enchanted analysed and subjected to a detailed historical by the new lifestyle born in Italy – Renaissance. It exploration. We have used archives – The State was thanks to him that Renaissance was introduced Regional Archive in Třeboň (Státní oblastní archiv in the Czech lands. He built Queen Anne’s v Třeboni) and its branch in Český Krumlov, Summer Palace with its garden, which has become where archive documents from the Netolice a prominent Czech Renaissance building and he Farm and family archives of the Eggenbergs and started with the import of exotic plants. His son the Schwarzenbergs are located. Further, the lives Ferdinand II of Tyrol participated in the design of of the last Rosenbergs have been investigated in the Hvězda Summer Palace (Letohrádek Hvězda) an detail – as pictured in Václav Březan’s Chronicle th early renaissance building. In the mid‑16 century, and Jaroslav Pánek’s publications – as well as a large number of bricklayers, stonemasons and the Rosenberg library, researched in Lenka Veselá’s plasterers from Italy and all territories north of Knihy na dvoře Rožmberků (Books in the Rosenberg the Alps came to Prague. Most of them came from Court). Another source of information is the villa the areas around Como and Lugano Lakes; therefore itself and its observations within the landscape they were referred to as artisti dei laghi in the literature context. As the exact appearance of the garden at (Macek, 2015). The Italians worked at Prague Castle the time of its origin is not known, the author tries 1213 1214 Zora Kulhánková to analyse its composition based on the principle (Pánek, 1998). This ‘Orsini fiction’ was created very of golden ration and ideal relations. The outcome consistently and in addition to official documents, is a graphical analysis of the entire area of Villa which the Rosenbergs had prepared, the myth Kratochvíle. Within the search for the original was also strengthened by hymns. One of these is appearance of the garden, also unpublished Rosa Rosensis by Jacob Canter3; in the foreword garden designs from more recent periods have the author explains the origin of the Rosenberg been explored as well as the accompanying letters; coat of arms. As interpreted by Šimek: „Among however, no remark has been found as to whether the descendants of the Troya citizen and Rome founder, the more recent designs are based on the original Aeneas, was the Roman family of Orsini, which is illustrated state in any way. by the red rose in their coat of arms, the symbol of Aeneas‘s mother, Venus. The same symbol is found in the Rosenberg RESULTS family, so their Roman, Troyan, and finally divine origin cannot be doubted“ (Šimek, 2011). William of Rosenberg was a very active builder, The orientation of the Rosenbergs toward Italy very familiar with current trends. His palace has its origins in the times of Peter IV (1462 – 1523), at Hradčany was one of the first to be built in William’s great‑grandfather, who studied there the Renaissance style. Part of it was a garden created 1476 – 1478. He brought several incunabula from by Ulrico Aostalli between 1573 – 74. It was designed Italy and they formed one third of the Rosenberg architecturally, surrounded by arcades supporting library. The Rosenberg library was gradually galleries (Krčálová, 1989). However, the main seat of expanded until 1510, when the traditional travels the Rosenbergs was Český Krumlov, where they had of the Rosenbergs to Italian universities stopped. a large palace. It was rebuilt in the Renaissance style The recovery came with William of Rosenberg and under the control of Italian architect Baldassare his brother Peter Vok, who paid large amounts for Maggi. Like every Italian magnate, William wanted to the books. One of the incunabula was the famous have his villa where he could escape the obligations work Opus ruralium by Pietro Crescenzi from of a high public official. So he had Kratochvíle 1486. Several books were devoted to architecture built, a beautiful example of Italian architecture in and modern astronomy and astrology. Tycho the area north of the Alps. Brahe personally presented Peter Vok with his Kratochvíle was meant to be perceived as work Astronomiae instauratae Mechanica from a significant piece within the mosaic of European 1598. The Rosenberg library also contained garden design. It has an interesting arrangement of classic writings by Vitruvius and modern work of the entire space, which includes work with water, Dutchman Vredeman de Vries, as well as a number and the landscape. Kratochvíle is not significant for of travel books and books about the history of cities its size, but it is one of the first Renaissance pieces and nations (Veselá, 2005). in the Czech lands which were created as a separate Architecture pattern books and treatises were composed unit without links to old structures. Its the major sources of knowledge of new trends in 1 layout is unique in the Czech lands . architecture. One of the most popular authors in the Czech lands was Sebastiano Serlio. His books Italian culture in the court of Rosenberg were used as pattern books for architects and William of Rosenberg (1579 – 1592) was the ruler builders. Jacopo Strada (1515 – 1588) spread this of the Rosenberg dominion, which held estimated work through the Czech lands, a friend of William six to seven percent of the population of the Czech of Rosenberg working in the services of Rudolf lands (Pánek, 1998). He was a very educated man II (1576 – 1611). Jacopo Strada’s publication of with a broad cultural horizon. He gained his the Seventh Book on Architecture was printed in knowledge by studying books as well as travelling Frankfurt in 1575, and dedicated to William4. all over Europe. William collected books diligently and his library contained a number of valuable Journey to Italy books, especially incunabula (Veselá, 2005). He was Personal experience and stories brought by very well acquainted with the art and architecture the nobles and artists from their travels were of his time. Just like his ancestors, he endeavored the most valuable influences on artistic work. One to revive the myth that the Rosenberg family had important exchange was the journey of the Czech 2 their origin in the Italian family of Orsini and nobility to Genoa, which took place in 1551 on thus confirm a direct link of his family to Italy the occasion of welcoming archduke Maximilian 1 It tends to be compared with some of the imperial buildings, such as Neugebäude, but its style and scale are very different. 2 It was a fictional, but very sophisticated linking of the families, based on the resemblance of their coats of arms. The Orsinis found the myth useful so they did not refute it. 3 The exact date of the hymn is not known, literature reports a range of years 1497–1498. (Šimek, 2011), p. 267 4 Jacopo Strada was an architectual scholar, who linked William of Rosenberg and Palazzo Te. He prepared Descrizione di tutta Italia for the Duke Albrecht V in 1567, in which he describes Palazzo Te. Villa Kratochvíle as an Example of an Italian Garden in the Czech Lands 1215 1: G. Bertazzolo, Urbis Mantuae descriptio, Mantova/Mantua 1628. Bibliotheca Teresiana, Comune di Mantova with his wife Mary, daughter of the Spanish King, they gained good knowledge of Italian lifestyle, new Charles V (Pánek, 1998). The welcome ceremony habits, diet, clothing, and music (Pánek, 1998). was attended not only by the Czech nobility, but also the Spanish, Germans, the Flemish, and Villa Kratochvíle Burgundians (Stagno, 2002). Villa Kratochvíle5 has been chosen as an example William of Rosenberg participated in this trip at of direct Italian influence in the Czech lands.