SMALL-SCALE CATTLE FARMING IN DENDI WOREDA, OROMIA REGION, ETHIOPIA MITIKU LELISA AMENTE AUGUST, 2018 ARBA MINCH, ETHIOPIA SMALL-SCALE CATTLE FARMING IN DENDI WOREDA, OROMIA REGION, ETHIOPIA MITIKU LELISA AMENTE A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OFGEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES, SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES, ARBA MINCH UNIVERSITY IN PARTIALFULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF ARTS IN GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AUGUST, 2018 ARBA MINCH, ETHIOPIA DECLARATION I, Mitiku Lelisa declare that this MA thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other university, and all sources of material used for thesis have been duly acknowledged. Name: Mitiku Lelisa Amente Signature: ___________ Date: _______________ CERTIFICATION This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Small-Scale Cattle farming in Dendi Woreda, Oromia Region, Ethiopia” submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master’s in Geography and Environmental Studies, the Graduate Program of the Department/School of Geography and Environmental Studies, and has been carried out by Mitiku Lelisa Id. No SMA/026/06, under my/our supervision. Therefore I/we recommend that the student has fulfilled the requirements and hence hereby can submit the thesis to the department for defense. Name of Principal advisor Abera Uncha (PhD) ______________________________________ Signature Date Name of co-advisor Getu Lemma (MA) _______________________________________ Signature Date APPROVAL PAGE We the examiners’ board approve that this thesis has passed through the defense and review process. ___________________ ___________ __________________ Chairperson Signature Date ___________________ ___________ __________________ External Examiner Signature Date ___________________ ___________ __________________ Internal Examiner Signature Date ___________________ ___________ __________________ Principal advisor Signature Date ___________________ ___________ __________________ (DGC/SGC) Signature Date ___________________ ___________ __________________ Signature and Stamp of the Department/School ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all I would like to thank the Almighty God for giving me the strength and courage to complete this study, be glory to him forever. Next I am very much indebted to express my heartfelt gratitude and my honest thanks to my advisors Abera Uncha (PhD) and Mr. Getu Lemma (MA) for their valuable guidance, constructive comments, fatherly treatment and important correction from the very beginning to the end. Without their guidance and comments, the study would have remained incomplete. Thirdly, I would like to acknowledge my beloved wife Sifan Jabessa and my son Rebira Mitiku for their consistent encouragement and moral support throughout and all the persons that have helped me in one way or another in the process of conducting this study. Above all, I am greatly indebted to kebele administrators, agricultural experts and Development Agents for their help during data collection period at the study sites. Without their support this research thesis would have not reached this stage. In addition, I would like to thank all of my key informants, group discussion participants, and respondent households who provided me with the necessary information in the study kebeles. Lastly but not least, I am deeply grateful to my friends and colleagues: Ato Kebede Dinka, Azeb Girma, Abdisa Bayisa, Terefe Ebisa, Nigusie Kebede, Sebsibe Haile, Tafesse Bosha and others who helped me in providing different materials for the accomplishment of this paper. i ACRONYMS ADLI Agricultural Development Led-Industrialization ARDO Agricultural and Rural Development Office CSA Central Statistical Authority DAs Development Agents ESAP Ethiopian Society of Animal Production FAO Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations FED Finance and Economic Development GDP Gross Domestic Product GOE Government of Ethiopia GTP Growth and Transformation plan FGD Focus Group Discussion Ha Hectare HHs Households IGAD-LPI Inter-Governmental Authority on Development-Livestock Policy Initiative ILRI International Livestock Research Institute PASDEP Plan for Accelerated and Sustainable Development to Eradicate Poverty RDPS Rural Development Policies and Strategies SPSS Statistical Package for Social Science WB World Bank ii TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENT PAGE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................i ACRONYMS .................................................................................................... ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................ iii LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................... viii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................... 1 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 1 1.1 Background of the Study ............................................................................. 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem ............................................................................ 2 1.3 Objectives of the Study................................................................................ 4 1.3.1 General Objective ..................................................................................................... 4 1.3.2 Specific Objectives ................................................................................................... 4 1.4 Research Questions...................................................................................... 4 1.5 Significance of the Study ............................................................................. 4 1.6 Scope of the Study ....................................................................................... 5 1.7 Definition of Key Terms ............................................................................. 5 1.8 Organization of the Thesis ........................................................................... 5 iii CHAPTER TWO .................................................................................................. 6 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ........................................................ 6 2.1 Definition of Smallholders .......................................................................... 6 2.2 Livestock and Socio-economic Development ............................................. 7 2.3 Mixed Crop-livestock Production System .................................................. 8 2.3.1 Livestock Production Systems in Ethiopia ............................................................... 9 2.4 Socio-Economic Importance of Cattle in Ethiopia ................................... 10 2.5 Cattle Breed Type ...................................................................................... 11 2.6 Feed Resources and Feeding System ........................................................ 12 2.7 Animal Housing ......................................................................................... 13 2.8 Watering Management .............................................................................. 14 2.9 Constraints Limiting Cattle Production ..................................................... 14 2.9.1 Shortage of feed resources ...................................................................................... 14 2.9.2 Shortage of Water ................................................................................................... 16 2.9.3 Livestock Disease ................................................................................................... 16 2.10 Livestock Policies and Strategies in Ethiopia ......................................... 17 2.11 Conceptual Framework............................................................................ 18 CHAPTER THREE ............................................................................................19 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...................................................................19 3.1 Description of the Study Area ................................................................... 19 3.1.1 Livelihood of the Households................................................................................. 20 3.2 Research Design ........................................................................................ 20 iv 3.3 Data Type and Sources .............................................................................. 20 3.4 Sampling Procedures and Sampling Size .................................................. 21 3.5 Instruments of Data Collection .................................................................. 22 3.6 Data Analysis and Interpretation ............................................................... 23 3.7 Ethical Consideration ................................................................................ 23 CHAPTER FOUR ...............................................................................................24 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ...................................................................24 4.1 Demographic and Socio-Economic Characteristics of