SWITZERLAND COUNTRY READER TABLE OF CONTENTS Constance Ray Harvey 1938-1939 Consul, Basel Kingsley W. Hamilton 1938-1940 Consular Officer, Zurich Constance Ray Harvey 1939-1941 Consul, Bern Morton A. Bach 1944-1949 Treasury Attaché, Bern Leonard L. Bacon 1946-1947 Safe Haven Program, Bern/Zurich Niles W. Bond 1946-1949 First Secretary & Chargé, Bern Lloyd Jonnes 1948-1953 Marshall Plan, ECA, Bern Roger C. Brewin 1951-1953 Consular Officer, Zurich Henry L.T. Koren 1951-1953 Political Reporting Officer, Bern Joseph A. Mendenhall 1951-1955 Economic/Political Officer, Bern Joseph A. Greenwald 1952-1955 Economic Officer, Geneva J. Howard Garnish 1952-1956 Public Affairs Officer, USIS, Geneva William B. Dunham 1954-1956 Chief of Swiss-Benelux Division, Washington, DC Lewis W. Bowden 1954-1957 Consular/Political Officer, Bern William R. Tyler 1955 Deputy Director, Office of Western European Affairs, Washington, DC H. Freeman Matthews, Jr. 1955-1958 Consular Officer, Zurich Ray E. Jones 1956 Secretary to the Ambassador, Bern William L. Blue 1956-1958 Deputy Chief of Mission, Bern Robert M. Beaudry 1956-1959 Economic Officer, Bern 1 Henry S. Villard 1958-1960 Representative, European Office of the United Nations, Geneva Ralph N. Clough 1958-1961 Political Officer, Bern/London Winifred S. Weislogel 1959-1961 Consular Officer, Geneva Frederick W. Flott 1959-1962 Political Officer, Geneva David E. Mark 1959-1963 Political Officer, Geneva Jean Mary Wilkowski 1960-1961 Economic Advisor, Geneva Russell Prickett 1961-1962 Consular Officer, Basle Harmon E. Kirby 1961-1964 Consular Officer, Geneva David Newton 1962-1964 Rotation Officer, Zurich William True Davis, Jr. 1963-1965 Ambassador, Switzerland J. Howard Garnish 1963-1967 Deputy Public affairs Officer, USIS, Geneva Theresa A. Healy 1964-1967 Political Officer, Bern Winston Lord 1965-1967 Negotiator, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, Geneva Thomas W. Simons Jr. 1965-1967 Office of the Special Trade Representative, Secretary of Delegation/Special Assistant, Geneva Donald B. Kursch 1966-1968 Consular Officer, Zurich Dan W. Figgins 1966-1968 Rotational Officer, Geneva Edward S. Little 1966-1969 Deputy Chief of Mission, Bern John J. Harter 1966-1970 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Team Member, Geneva Walter Roberts 1967 Public Affairs Adviser to USUN Ambassador, Geneva Robert Lochner 1968-1971 Public Affairs Officer, USIS, Bern 2 John A. Bushnell 1969-1971 Economic Officer, Geneva James F. Leonard 1969-1972 Assistant Director, Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, Geneva Melville Blake 1969-1973 Economic Counselor, Bern Idar D. Rimestad 1969-1973 Representative, European Office of the United Nations, Geneva Shelby Cullom Davis 1969-1975 Ambassador, Switzerland John Todd Stewart 1970-1973 Economic Officer, Geneva Lucian Heichler 1971-1973 Political Officer, Bern Max W. Kraus 1972-1975 Public Affairs Advisor, European Office of the United Nations, USIS, Geneva John E. Hall 1972-1976 Commercial Officer, Bern Walter B. Smith, II 1973-1974 Delegate, Middle East Peace Conference, Geneva James H. Morton 1973-1975 Administrative/Political Officer, Bern Raymond C. Ewing 1973-1975 Counselor for Economic and Commercial Affairs, Bern Arva C. Floyd 1974 European security Council Negotiations, Geneva George Jaeger 1974-1975 Conference on Security Cooperation in Europe, Geneva E. Michael Southwick 1974-1976 Staff Assistant to Chief US Trade Negotiator, Geneva Helen Weinland 1974-1976 Consular Officer, Zurich Manuel Abrams 1974-1977 Deputy Chief of Mission, Geneva Harry I. Odell 1975-1978 Deputy Chief of Mission, Bern Richard L. Stockman 1975-1977 Position not specified, Geneva 3 Harold W. Geisel 1975-1978 Administrative Officer, Bern Sidney Friedland 1975-1978 Political Officer, Geneva Frank H. Perez 1977-1978 Minister, Strategic Arms Talks, Geneva Howard Meyers 1977-1978 US Representative, Conference of the Committee on Disarmament, Geneva Roger A. Sorenson 1977-1979 Deputy Chief of Mission, Geneva Clarke N. Ellis 1977-1980 Consul General, Zurich John A. Buche 1978-1982 Refugee Affairs Officer, Geneva Gerald B. Helman 1979-1981 Representative, European Office of the United Nations, Geneva Stephen E. Palmer, Jr. 1979-1981 Chief of Humanitarian Affairs, Geneva Gerald J. Monroe 1979-1983 Economic-Political Counselor, Bern David Michael Wilson 1979-1984 Public Affairs Counselor, USIS, Geneva John J. Harter 1981-1983 Delegate, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Geneva Faith Ryan Whittlesley 1981-1983 Ambassador, Switzerland 1985-1988 Ambassador, Switzerland Maynard Wayne Glitman 1981-1984 Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces Negotiations (INF), Ambassador and Deputy Negotiator, Geneva 1985-1988 INF Delegate, Geneva Martin Van Heuven 1982-1984 Deputy Chief of Mission, Geneva Melville Blake 1983 Delegate, US Delegation to International Telecommunications, Geneva Ronald D. Flack 1983-1984 Political Counselor, European Office of the United Nations, Geneva Joan M. Plaisted 1983-1985 US Trade Representative, Geneva Gilbert H. Sheinbaum 1983-1986 Political Counselor, Geneva 4 Beauveau B. Nalle 1984-1986 Counselor for Refugee and Migration Affairs, Geneva Ronald D. Flack 1984-1987 Deputy Chief of Mission, Geneva Warren Zimmerman 1985-1986 Deputy Chief - Arms Negotiations, Geneva Harry Joseph Gilmore 1985-1987 Director, Office of Central European Affairs, Washington, DC Charles E. Rushing 1985-1991 Executive Assistant to the Ambassador, European Office of the United Nations, Geneva Richard McKee 1986-1988 Political Counselor, Human Rights Officer, European Office of the United Nations, Geneva David T. Jones 1987-1989 INF Negotiations Member, Geneva William Harrison Marsh 1987-1992 Deputy Chief of Mission, Geneva Joyce E. Leader 1988-1991 U.S. Mission to the UN Organizations, Geneva Joseph B. Gildenhorn 1989-1993 Ambassador, Switzerland John E. Hall 1990-1993 Deputy Chief of Mission, Bern G. Clay Nettles 1990-1993 Economic Counselor, Geneva Stephen J. Ledogar 1990-1997 US Representative, Conference on Disarmament, Geneva Peter David Eicher 1991-1995 Political Counselor, Geneva Leon Weintraub 1993-1997 International Relations Officer, US Mission to the UN, Geneva Sally Grooms Cowal 1995-1999 Delegate, UN Program on HIV and AIDS, Geneva Richard Aker 1999-2003 Deputy Counselor for Public Affairs, Geneva 5 CONSTANCE RAY HARVEY Consul Basel (1938-1939) Constance Ray Harvey was born in New York in 1904. She received a bachelor's degree from Smith College and a master's degree from Columbia University. Ms. Harvey entered the Foreign Service in 1930. Her career was comprised of mostly consular work in Milan, Basel, Bern, and Lyon. Ms. Harvey received the Medal of Freedom in 1947. She was interviewed by Dr. Milton Colvin in 1988. Q: Very interesting. Constance, I know that your next post after Italy was Switzerland. By now, the war clouds were gathering, the crises were coming, the lines were being drawn, and people began to see the possibility of another world war. Can you react to that in some way from your observations from Switzerland at that time? HARVEY: You see, I was in Basel, right on the frontier. One thing that one has to grasp early was that the German Swiss were the most anti-Hitler people in Switzerland, more than the French or anybody else. They were next to it, and they knew what was going on probably quite well. They were, of course, afraid. The summer of '39, I spent a few weeks on leave in England. When I went back at the end of the summer, it was perfectly obvious to me that the English would fight. Of course, we know now, or we knew fairly soon, that Hitler had been informed by Foreign Minister Ribbentrop, whom he had sent on a brief visit to London, that England would not fight. That was the Clivedon set, you know, those people would not fight, and were against it. Q: King and country! HARVEY: But I knew that this was absolute nonsense. I had never lived in England, but I had visited there many times, and I knew that it might be folly on the part of England, but they certainly were going to fight if Germany attacked. Of course, they were the first to reply to the attack on Poland. When I got back to Basel, of course, a little before that, war did break out. It was the phony war to begin with, but everybody I knew in Basel had either a machine gun on top of his house or nearby, or he was instructed and had the gadget in his hand to blow up some of the bridges going across the Rhine. This was true all through northern Switzerland. After the war, when I lived also in Zurich, I learned that people who had been in charge everywhere in the north, had had instructions that the moment German soldiers entered Switzerland, they were to seize certain German civilians who were the heads of a couple of manufacturing companies, and shoot them immediately. There would be no trial, nothing at all. 6 In any case, one of the jobs we had first in Basel was to get the pictures in the art gallery, wonderful Holbeins, wrapped up in blankets and rushed up to the center of the Bernese Overland somewhere. I can remember getting those out. There was sort of a gun emplacement place and blockades in front of the consulate, in case there should be immediate entry into Switzerland. Of course, that all passed, because the war just sort of calmed down, and nothing very dramatic happened. I was transferred from Basel to Bern just after Thanksgiving of '39. KINGSLEY W. HAMILTON Consular Officer Zurich (1938-1940) Kingsley W. Hamilton was born in 1911 to Presbyterian missionaries in the Philippines. He attended high school in China, the Philippines and Ohio. He graduated from the College of Wooster in 1933. One of his favorite history professors topics on world history influenced his interest in international affairs. This led him to graduate work at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy and his taking the Foreign Service Exam.