tascabili dell’ambiente Food_&_the_cities_eng.indb 1 21/09/15 18:16 EStà – Economia e Sostenibilità food and the cities food policies for sustainable cities by Andrea Calori and Andrea Magarini infographics: Andrea Magarini in partnership with: Comune di Milano, Fondazione Cariplo publisher: Edizioni Ambiente srl www.edizioniambiente.it graphics: GrafCo3 Milano cover image: designed by GrafCo3 Milano The authors would like to thank for the valuable advices and contributions Andrea Di Stefano, Andrea Vecci, Massimiliano Lepratti, Francesca Federici, Marta Maggi, Chiara Pirovano and Alessandra Ballerio © 2015, Edizioni Ambiente via Natale Battaglia 10, 20127 Milano tel. 02 45487277, fax 02 45487333 All Rights Reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher. ISBN 978-88-6627-178-9 Printed in September 2015 by GECA S.r.l., San Giuliano Milanese (MI) Printed in Italy This book has been printed on FSC certified paper the websites of edizioni ambiente: www.edizioniambiente.it www.reteambiente.it www.nextville.it www.puntosostenibile.it www.freebookambiente.it follow us online at: Facebook/EdizioniAmbiente Twitter.com/EdAmbiente Food_&_the_cities_eng.indb 2 21/09/15 18:16 EStà – Economia e Sostenibilità food and the cities Food Policies for Sustainable Cities by Andrea Calori and Andrea Magarini Food_&_the_cities_eng.indb 3 21/09/15 18:16 Food_&_the_cities_eng.indb 4 21/09/15 18:16 contents introduction 9 By Giuliano Pisapia, Mayor of Milan preface 11 By Giuseppe Guzzetti, President of the Fondazione Cariplo 1. food: keystone of cities’ sustainability 13 and resiliency By Andrea Calori Prologue: cities and an urbanizing world 13 Food as keystone to the sustainability of development 19 The global food economy and the resiliency 21 of local urban ecosystems The green revolution: the agricultural 23 side of world urbanization The connection between urban and rural: 25 a critical juncture for sustainability Urban agriculture: global idea, local examples 29 From practice to policy 31 The turn of the millennium: cities take charge 35 Urban food policies and strategies 38 2. an overview of urban food policies 41 By Andrea Calori, Andrea Magarini The paradoxes and urban cultures at the root of policy 41 The subject and content of urban food policies 45 Commonly recurring themes 46 Examples from around the world 55 Studying and assessing cities’ food systems 90 Examples of studies and assessments 91 of urban food systems Food_&_the_cities_eng.indb 5 21/09/15 18:16 3. guidelines for governance of urban 99 food systems in sustainable cities By Andrea Calori What we know and what we’ve learned 99 Food as urban infrastructure 101 Integration and sustainability 105 Urban food needs 109 From needs to policies 113 Articulating systemic knowledge 117 Building shared consensus 120 The public actor 124 Technical assistance 126 New tasks and institutional actors 128 figures on paradigmatic cases 133 By Andrea Magarini Urban food policies in the world 134 Bristol 140 Ghent 144 London 148 Melbourne 152 Milan 156 New York 160 San Francisco 164 Toronto 168 Vancouver 172 references 177 about the authors 187 Food_&_the_cities_eng.indb 6 21/09/15 18:16 EStà – Economia e Sostenibilità is a non-profit research center that believes in a robust, systematic approach to sustainability, col- laborating with government agencies, research centers, economic groups, and actors at the local, national, and international level. EStà works to foster development guided by principles of sus- tainability, resilience, and circular economies. Every aspect is considered in its full complexity through the drafting of stud- ies and scenarios for change, as well as support for their practi- cal implementation. EStà works by cultivating relationships between actors, employ- ing approaches and methods emphasizing research, action, and active participation by all actors, with the goal of constructing the basis for shared knowledge and action. EStà rejects simplistic approaches to sustainability, insisting on the interdependence of all social, economic, and environmen- tal aspects. EStà is composed of associates, collaborators, and members of its scientific committee, who belong to various fields of study and knowledge: economics, the environment, regional planning, industry, social entrepreneurship, methods of democratic par- ticipation, education, and communications. EStà – Economia e Sostenibilità Via Cuccagna 2/4 20135 Milan [MI] – Italy [email protected] – www.assesta.it Food_&_the_cities_eng.indb 7 21/09/15 18:16 Food_&_the_cities_eng.indb 8 21/09/15 18:16 introduction By Giuliano Pisapia, Mayor of Milan Today, over half the world’s population lives in a city. In 2050, forecasts estimate this figure will include 70% of the Earth’s inhabitants. Starting now, the great metropolises of the future face critical challenges: How to encourage sustainable, equita- ble development? How to guarantee decent homes and efficient public services? But above all, how to ensure everyone has suf- ficient access to food without despoiling our planet’s finite re- sources? The answers can only come from metropolitan areas themselves. In a globalized world of increasingly networked me- ga-cities, great revolutions begin at the local level. Urban gov- ernments can bring together and guide the other actors in play, bringing together engaged citizens and nonprofits, businesses, and other institutions. Cities must take the lead to enact con- crete policy, particularly with regard to food systems, given the fundamental role that food plays in the life of a municipality, as this book demonstrates. With these considerations in mind, in this year of Expo 2015 dedicated to the theme “Feeding the Planet, Energy for Life,” the City of Milan has challenged other major cities around the world to join us in the Urban Food Policy Pact, an internation- al protocol to be signed in October 2015 as one of the greatest legacies of the Universal Exposition. Food_&_the_cities_eng.indb 9 21/09/15 18:16 10 food and the cities For months, Milan has worked with dozens of other cities from the global North and South, together with experts, foundations, and international organizations, to draft a document including policy recommendations and concrete commitments. The goal is to create a network of smart cities that pledge to work to trans- form their approach to food issues through the exchange of best practices, ideas, suggestions, and solutions. For its part, Milan, in conjunction with the Fondazione Carip- lo, has begun a process to compose its own new Food Policy, a strategic document that will guide the city on food-related issues for the next several years. This project has been refined though a participatory process that has collected the opinions and ide- as of NGOs, businesses, start-ups, experts, and a great many residents on how to tackle issues such as the fight to minimize waste, increase accessibility to food, and improve food educa- tion. Yet another ideal, but also concrete, legacy of Expo 2015. Food_&_the_cities_eng.indb 10 21/09/15 18:16 preface By Giuseppe Guzzetti, President of the Fondazione Cariplo For 25 years, Fondazione Cariplo has pursued philanthropic ventures with great passion. Today, it concentrates its efforts on initiatives that address issues affecting youth, the communi- ty, and individual wellness. Food cuts across all these themes. In this volume, you will find the story of just one part of the research that has been conducted as part of a much larger project by the Fondazione Cariplo and the City of Milan to create a Milan Food Policy. The basic idea is that we can feed people not just in the material sense (wherev- er necessary, with poverty increasingly widespread, both in Italy and throughout the world), but rather nourish them with care for the growth of the whole person, and thus with a particular focus on wellness, on their well being. This means thinking of others – by reducing waste, for example. It also means thinking of ourselves, by paying attention to what we eat. Philanthropic organizations, and the Fondazione Cariplo in par- ticular, are committed to supporting initiatives and projects that address these themes. A recent study presented in Milan by the Global Alliance for Food (which includes 20 foundations from around the world, including Cariplo) shows that every year, philanthropic organizations provide $655 million worldwide for projects in this sector. This is a commitment that the scien- tific community cannot do without. Food_&_the_cities_eng.indb 11 21/09/15 18:16 12 food and the cities But philanthropy today makes a difference not simply by dis- tributing economic resources, but also and especially by fostering innovation; the attention paid in recent months to food-related issues also provides an opportunity to demonstrate foundations’ contributions to changing agro-food systems in the direction of greater sustainability, security, and equity. Fondazione Cariplo is committed to support for scientific re- search as a driver of the innovation required to transform agro- food systems toward greater sustainability. Our commitment in this realm is significant, and also includes promoting collab- oration with other philanthropic ventures nationally and in- ternationally, through its various partnerships with the Fonda- tion Agropolis, offering grants for research on the