RAMMANOHAR LOHIA / 4 India, China and Northern Frontiers / NAVAHIND HYDERABAD-INDIA First published in India, 1963 Copyright : author Cwer : M. F. Husain Publser : Navahind Prakashan 831, Begum Bazar, Hyderabad, India Printer : Commercial Printing Press, 831, Begum Bazar, Hyderabad, Inclia CONTENTS FOREWORD 1 HIMALAYA 1. THREAT TO OUR NORTHERN BORDERS 3 2. A HIMALAYAN POLICY 4 3. NOTES ON HIMALAYAN PEOPLE 11 4. HIMALAYAN INDIA : SOME NON-PARTY AND NON-CONTROVERSIAL SUGGESTIONS 24 5. MANSAR 27 6. INDIAN AND CHINESE TENTS 29 7. HIMALAYAS, THE EMPTY SYMBOL AND SEVEN REVOLUTIONS 31 8. THE HIMALAYA BACHAO SAMMELAN 32 KASHMIR 9. KASHMIR 37 10. AN INTERVIEW ON KASHMR 39 11. DANGEROUS STRATEGY 44 12. FUTURE OF KASHMIR 47 13. LETTERS FROM KASHMIR 50 14. COMPOSITION OF CABINET 64 15. MAULANA MASOODI'S DISMISSAL 65 16. THE PROPOSED U. s.-PAKISTAN PACT 67 17. RESOLUTION ON KASHMIR 70 URVASIAM 21. RIGHT TO UNRESTRICTED TRAVEL FLOUTED BY INDIA GOVERNMENT 82 22. THE NAGA PROBLEM 84 23. URVASIAM : SOME EXPERIENCES 85 24. ENTERING URVASIAM AN EPILOGUE 92 25. A FEW LETTERS 95 26. CERTAIN UNCONTROVERSIAL SUGGESTIONS 102 NEPAL 27. INDIA AND NEPAL 107 28. LET US NOT FORGET NEPAL 109 29. DEMOCRACY VERSUS TYRANNY 110 30. THE TASK BEFORE NEPAL CONGRESS 112 31. CLEVERNESS OR COURAGE IN NEPAL 116 TIBET POLICY 38. u. N. VOTE ON CHINA-THE AGGRESSOR 135 39. CONCERNING OUR ATTITUDE TOWARDS RED CHINA 138 40. CHOU-NEHRU MEET 143 41. INDIA, CHINA, TIBET, CONGRESSISM AND COMMUNISM 145 42. INDIA-CHINA CONFLICT .171 43. CHINESE PREMIER'S VISIT 176 44. INDIA, CHINA AND COLOURED PEOPLES SOLIDARITY 179 45. CAN DELHI ONLY BREED MOHAMMAD SHAHS 180 46. CHINA'S ADMISSION INTO U. N. 181 47. CHINA AND PORTUGAL 182 48. INDIA-PAKISTAN CONFEDERATION 184 49. RUSSIA, AMERICA AND CHINA 186 50. CHINESE INVASION AND OUR AIMS 192 51. VIOLENCE AND NON-VIOLENCE 196 52. JAMBOODWEEP, CHINA, FOREIGN POLICY AND GANDHISM 198 53. AFRO-ASIAN LEADERS' COMPROMISE EFFORTS 202 SINO-INDIAN WAR : SEVEN IDEA13 204 EFFICACY OF NONVIOLENCE IN WAR 206 NO COMPROMISE 207 AMERICAN AID 208 THREE WILLS IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSHIP 210 TO AFRO-ASLAN LEADERS 212 THREE ASIAG 215 A PRESS CONFERENCE 217 MILITARY ASSISTANCE 222 SOME ASPECTS OF INDIA'S CHINA POLICY DOCUMENTS 64. CHRONOLOGY OF CHINESE AGGRESSION 245 65. UNILATERAL CEASE-FIRE BY CHINA 256 66. COLOMBO PROPOSALS 260 MAPS 67. INDIA'S FRONTIER LINE (FACING PAGE 3) 68. 1 TO 11 263 FOREWORD This is a collection of some of my speeches and writings on the subject of India's northern frontiers and on Kashmir, Urva- siam, Nepal and Tibet particularly. None of these date earlier than 1949. Earlier writings have not been included because the collection would have become cumbersome. That is not to say that they are any the less important. Some of them might in fact have showed up the usual errors of thought to which I, along with millions of others, was perhaps subject. I do not know whether I had ever looked upon the Himalayas as India's sentry. I have declaimed that song with great eclact and so must have, to some extent, imbibed its spirit in my early youth. But I definitely remember to have become suspect of the Himalayas around 1948, when on the other side China turned communist and therefore by my definitions both vigorous and barbaric. These suspicions in fact may have been aroused in me earlier, around 1938 or 39, when I started studying India's history a little closely. Much of the government's folly in respect to foreign policy and defence is due to traditionally stupid understanding of his- tory, among which is the notion that the Himalayas stand guard over India. Who was responsible for this stupid understanding in the first instance, native folly or imperialist distortions? Errors of foreign policy and defence derive as much from faulty understanding of deep and enduring forces, which are the study of history, as from mistaken assessment of the present, that which exists contemporaneously. I have been concerned with both a~pects. That sometimes creates difficulks for my reader or hearer. But that is the only way to deal with life's awkward problems. For a variety of reasons, the current mind of India is almost devoid of the value in respect of social, collective problems, those of the earth. For too long has this mind dealt wifh the abstract, the wholly ultimate, and lived with the concrete, the despicable immediate. Coexistence of the two has been effected at the ccst of sanity. The Himalayas have also been the repository of the holy ultimate. I have gone in search of that too, in my own some what earthly way, when I tried to trace Ganga to her source. But what I ,said then was wrapped up so much with our own local mythology and colour, that its translation would have jarred. The war on the despicable immediate must not slacken. If the holy ultimate can suffuse us, while we engage in this war, well and good, otherwise, it too must go. I hope that this collec- tion would be of some assistance to such as wish in a new inte- gration the ultimate and the immediate, but above all, to build straight and strong the country's foreign policy and defence. Hyderabad, October 4, 1963. RAMMANOHARLOHIA HIMALAYA WDlA'S FRONTIER LINE The McMahon line Inay serve as the frontier between India and free Tibet. Kailash, hlanasarovar and east flowing Brahmaputra can alone serve as the frontier between India and China. THREAT TO OUR NORTHERN BORDERS I draw attention to the increasing Communist threat from across our northern borden. I shall not dwell here on Kashmir war or on the happenings in the Pakhtoonistan area of Pakistan or the organization of new armies by Marshal Timoshenko in the East. Far more important are the developments in Nepal, Sikkim and Tibet, and the Indian people know nothing about them. The Chinese Com- munists have infiltrated into Tibet in large numbers and have brought many monasteries under their ideological influence. Fur- ther, arms are being dumped secretly into this beautiful land. The Communists have also turned their attention to Nepal and Communist activity is on increase in that country. After the withdrawal of the British power from India it was natural that the incompetent governments of Nepal, Sikkim and Tibet should be subjected to strong internal and external pres- sures. If democracy is ultimately murdered in these northern and eastern lands, the India government and the United States will have to bear the full responsibility. As far a.s the Socialist Party is concerned, it will- always stand shoulder to shoulder with the people of India and Asia in defending democracy and free- dom. -1949, January 14; Lucknow; Press statement. A HIMALAYAN POLICY The fairest and the most frigid hills of mankind are warming up. On both sides of the mighty Himalayas, around 80 million: people are astir and their old stability is gone. Warring ideas and armies are competing for their souls and, should they lose their freedom or fall under the influence of other peoples, they as well as the world will lose, and the Himalayas will cease to be the traditional sentry of India. From Afghanistan to Burma over Tibet and Nepal spread these peoples who are tempting missionaries of the idea and the sword. Beyond are the Russians and the Chinese and somewhat uncertain peoples like those in Sinkiang. An these are bearel.; of the Soviet idea and sword, at least for the present. What yet remains to decide, therefore, is the fate of Afghanistan, Tibet. Nepaf and Burma. A peculiar feature of these territories and peoples may be. noted. Corresponding to each one of them is a territory and z peopIe closely related to them on the Indian side of the Hima- layan frontier, thus, the tribal areas at both ends and' the Pathans of the west and the Tibeto-Burmans of the east and, in between, Indians of NepaIese ancestry as we11 as Tibetan such as those. in Sikkim and Bhutan. A responsive relationship between these allied groups on both sides of the Himalaya exists. This pro- vides m instrument of state policy ro whoever can get hold of one group or the other. Neither the snows nor the unscalable heights of the Hima- layas can now do sentry duty for India.. Contentment to the L INDIA, CHINA AND NORTHERN FLONTLEM body and anchor to the mind of these 80 million peoples alone can provide security to India. Old concepts of foreign and defence policies must change. The strategic is now also the nloral, the national is the all-world, and the interests of India, the world and the Himalaye peoples coincide. India, her people as well as her government, rnust evolve a Himalayan policy, \v!;ich is both strategic and moral. China's invasion of Tibet which can only be likened to baby- murder has brought out into the open, trends and clashes already visible to the more discerning. There is no such thing as an Asian mind. There is perhaps an Asian necessity. But three types of mind are trying to give expression to it and have given birth to three mutually incompatible Asias, statusquo Asia, Communist Asia and Socialist Asia. Status-quo Asia 11% collided with Communist Asia in Tibet, but neither can express the needs of Asia or the Tibetan people. A corrupt and cowardly bureaucracy has clashed with a reactionary communism intent on slaughter and rule and, to most Asians including Tibetans, there is not much to choorre between the two.