الجمهىريت الجسائريت الديمقراطيت الشعبيت People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria وزارة التعليم العالي و البحث العلمي Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research جامعت مىلىد معمري – تيسي وزو MOULOUD MAMMERI UNIVERSITY OF TIZI-OUZOU كليت اﻵداب و اللغاث FACULTY OF LETTERS AND LANGUAGES فرع اللغت اﻹنجليسيت DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH Field of Study: English Language Option: Language and Communication Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master’s Degree in English Title: The Use of English in Maghrebi Songs: A Critical Discourse Analysis of some Lyrics Presented by: Supervised by: - KASDI Radia - Pr FODIL Mohammed Sadek Board of Examiners: Chair: AMZIANE Hamid, Professor, UMMTO. Supervisor: FODIL Mohammed Sadek, Professor, UMMTO. Examiner : FEDOUL Malika, MAA, UMMTO. June, 2017 N° d’Ordre: N° de série: Dedication I dedicate this work to My parents, Ouzna and Mouhammed My grandparents M‟hend, Said, Dahbia, and Fatima My brothers, Sofiane, Boualem, Massi All the rest of my family and supporting friends Special thanks for Rafik and Ahmed Maalem I Acknowledgement I would like to express special thanks, and my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Pr Mohammed Sadek Fodil, for directing this work. I am really grateful to him for his support, patience, guidance, and for giving me the chance to work on my own. I would like to thank the board of examiners who agreed to read this work and to the teachers who provided me with help or taught me something. Finally, I humbly and gratefully thank all those who have contributed, in a way or another, to make this work successful. II Abstract The present dissertation is intended to investigate the presence of English in the Maghrebi Linguistic Landscape by focusing on songs comprising words in English, originated particularly from Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia. Having two main objectives, the study aims first, to explore the frequency of English use in Maghrebi countries and its impact on the musical environment in there, and, second, to look at the main reasons inciting the Maghrebi singers to use this language in their song lyrics. For this purpose, a number of Maghrebi songs involving English were gathered to serve as a corpus for the study. Relying on Fairclough‟s Critical Discourse Analysis Approach, the analysis of the song lyrics was divided into two main categories: at the level of vocabulary and at the level of grammar. The research is qualitative in nature; therefore, the results are interpreted through a Qualitative Content Analysis (QCA) as an attempt to try to understand the ideologies and other incentives leading the singers to use English in their songs. The results of the present study show that despite the Maghrebi‟s acceptance of the infiltration of English in their sonorous Linguistic Landscape, its influence in such environment remains marginal. Besides, Maghrebi singers take advantage of English as a global language and use it to call for change both at the local and international levels, and to make the messages related to their personal experiences heard. Finally, recommendations are provided for future intending to investigate the field of Linguistic Landscape. Key terms: Lyrics, English, Maghreb, Linguistic Landscape, Critical Discourse Analysis, English as a Global language. III List of Abbreviations CDA: Critical Discourse Analysis CL: Critical Linguistics LL: Linguistic Landscape MSA: Modern Standard Arabic QCA: Qualitative Content Analysis IV List of Tables: Table 1: The recurrent themes in the songs ……………………………………………….. 31 Table 2: The number of languages used in one song ……………………………………… 31 Table 3: The different languages used in songs …………………………………………… 32 Table 4: The lexical types involved in the theme of „love‟ in the song lyrics ……………. 32 Table 5: The lexical types involved in the theme of „politics‟ in the song lyrics ………… 33 Table 6: The lexical types involved in the theme of „gender‟ in the song lyrics (experiential values) …………………………………………………………………………… 34 Table 7: The lexical types involved in the theme of „gender‟ in the song lyrics (relational and expressive values) ……………………………………………………………….. 34 Table 8: The lexical types involved in the theme of „freedom‟ in the song lyrics ………... 35 Table 9: The structural type of sentence in the song lyrics (SVO) ……………………….. 36 Table 10: The structural type of sentence in the song lyrics (SVC) ……………………… 36 Table 11: The structural type of sentence in the song lyrics (SV) ………………………... 37 Table 12: The declarative mode of sentence in the song lyrics …………………………… 37 Table 13: The imperative mode of sentence in the song lyrics …………………………… 38 Table 14: The interrogative mode of sentence in the song lyrics …………………………. 38 Table 15: The use of modal verbs in the song lyrics ……………………………………… 38 Table 16: The use of pronouns „we‟ and „you‟ in the song lyrics ………………………… 40 V List of Figures Figure 1.1: Fairclough‟s Model of the Discourse‟s Three Dimensions …..………….……. 23 Figure 2.1: The Three Maghrebi Countries under Investigation: Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia ………………………………………………………………………… 28 VI Table of Contents General Introduction Statement of the Problem …………………………………………………….... 1 Aims and Significance of the study ……………………………….................... 3 Research Questions and Hypotheses ……………………………….................. 5 Methodology ………………………………………………………................... 5 Structure of the Dissertation ………………………………………………….... 6 Chapter One: Review of the Literature Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………. 7 1.1 Globalization and English as a Global Language ………………………………….. 7 1.2 The Situation of English in the Maghreb: Emergence and Spread ………………... 9 1.2.1 In Algeria ……………………………………………………………………....... 9 1.2.1.1 Algerians‟ Attitudes toward English …………………………….……………. 11 1.2.2 In Morocco ………………………………………………………………………. 11 1.2.2.1 Moroccan‟s Attitudes toward English …………………………………………. 12 1.2.3 In Tunisia ………………………………………………………………………... 13 1.2.3.1 Tunisians‟ Attitudes toward English …………………………......................... 14 1.3 Linguistic Landscape ………………………………………………………………. 14 1.4 Music ………………………………………………………………………………. 15 1.4.1 Lyrics as Speech …………………………………………………………………. 16 1.4.2 Anthropology Lenses on Maghrebi Music ……………………............................ 16 1.5 Critical Discourse Analysis …………………………………..……......................... 19 VII 1.5. 1 CDA: Definition and History…………………………......................................... 19 1.5.2 The Principles of CDA …………………………………………………………... 20 1.5.3 Ideology in CDA ……...………………..……………………………………....... 20 1.5.4 Approaches to CDA ………………………………………………..……………. 21 a. Teun Van Dijk‟s (2001) Sociocognitive Model …………………….…….…........ 21 b. Ruth Wodak (1990) and her Sociological and Historical Approach ………………21 c. The Analytical Framework: Fairclough‟s (2001) Social Theory of Discourse .….. 22 1.5.5 Text and Textual Analysis ………………………..……………………………… 24 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………… 25 Chapter Two: Research Design Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………... 26 2.1 Description of the setting ……………………………………………………………. 26 2.2 Procedure of Data Collection ………………………………………………………... 27 2.2.1 Limitations ………………………………………………………………………… 28 2.3 Procedures of Data Analysis ………………………………………………………… 28 2.3.1 Qualitative Content Analysis ……………………………………………………… 28 2.3.1.1 Fairclough‟s Social Theory of Discourse ……………………………………….. 29 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………. 30 Chapter Three: Presentation of the Findings Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………… 31 3.1 Results ……………………………………………………………………………….. 31 VIII 3.1.1 The Language(s) Used in the Song Lyrics ………………………………………… 31 3.2 Textual Analysis of the songs ………………………………………………………… 32 3.2.1 Vocabulary ………………………………………………………………………….. 32 The Theme of „Love‟ ……………………………………………………………... 32 The Theme of „Politics‟ …………………………………………………………... 33 The Theme of „Gender‟………………………………………………………........ 34 The Theme of „Freedom‟ …………………………………………………………. 35 3.2.2 Grammar ……………………………………………………………………………. 35 Agency of Experiential Values ………………………………………………........ 35 Relational and Expressive Values ……………………………………………........ 37 Modes of Sentence ………………………………………………………….... 37 Modality ………………………………………………………………………. 38 Pronouns ………………………………………………………………………. 39 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………..... 40 Chapter Four: Discussion of the Findings Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………. 41 4.1 The Presence of English in the Maghrebi Songs ..…………………………………..... 41 4.2 The Discussion of the Findings Relating to Vocabulary …………………………....... 43 The Theme of Love ……………………………………………………………..... 43 The Theme of Politics …………………………………………………………...... 45 The Theme of Gender …………………………………………………………...... 47 The Theme of Freedom …………………………………………………………… 49 4.3 The Discussion of the Findings Relating to Grammar ………..………………………. 50 Agency ……………………………………………………………………….......... 50 Modes of Sentence ……………………………………………………………........ 52 Modality …………………………………………………………………………… 54 Pronouns …………………………………………………………………………… 55 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………..... 57 IX General Conclusion ……………………………………………………….. 58 Bibliography ……………………………………………………………….. 61 Appendix A: Table of the songs under study ……………………………… 67 Appendix B: Samples from the song lyrics ………………………………... 68 Appendix C: Conversations with the singers on messenger ………………. 75 X General Introduction Statement of the Problem Throughout its history, the Maghreb has been home for diverse ethnicities, languages, cultures and religions. The Maghrebi nations (mainly Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia) can