Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2016 Production of Fermentable Sugars from Energy Cane Bagasse Saeed Oladi Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the Engineering Science and Materials Commons Recommended Citation Oladi, Saeed, "Production of Fermentable Sugars from Energy Cane Bagasse" (2016). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 4230. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/4230 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. PRODUCTION OF FERMENTABLE SUGARS FROM ENERGY CANE BAGASSE A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Interdepartmental Program in Engineering Science by Saeed Oladi M.S., Isfahan University of Technology, 2006 May 2017 To my beloved parents Without whom I would not have come so far. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Giovanna Aita for offering me the great opportunity to be part of her research team, for her guidance, advice, and support throughout my research. Her constant encouragement and faith in me are greatly appreciated. I would also like to thank Dr. Henrique Cheng, Dr. Steven Hall, Dr. Chandra Theegala, and Dr. Dorin Boldor for serving on my graduate advisory committee. Their timely and valuable guidance on my project are highly appreciated. I would also like to thank my colleagues and fellow research team members, Zhenghui Qui, Akanksha Kanitkar, Fang Deng, Dae Yeol, and Jing Cao who have helped me throughout the way by providing a friendly and supportive research environment which made my research even more fun. I have to thank Chardcie Verret and Derek Dorman from the analytical laboratory at the Audubon Sugar Institute at Louisiana State University for their help and support. I am grateful to our department head Dr. Benjamin Legendre for being an inspiration and his positive attitude. I am also very grateful for having had the opportunity to take courses under the guidance of Dr. Boldor, Dr. Theegala, Dr. Hall, Dr. Hayes, Dr. Sabliov, and Dr. Monroe. I have to thank all my friends here at Louisiana State University for their friendship and support and all the fun moments we shared. My deepest gratitude goes to my family especially my parents Hasan and Betti Oladi for their everlasting love, encouragement and support throughout my life. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ......................................................................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................. viii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................................x CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................1 1.1. Lignocellulosic Biomass .................................................................................................................. 1 1.2. Chemical Composition of Lignocellulosic Biomass........................................................................ 2 1.3. Energy Cane ..................................................................................................................................... 5 1.4. Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass ........................................................................................ 6 1.4.1. Physical pretreatment ................................................................................................................ 6 1.4.2. Chemical pretreatment .............................................................................................................. 7 1.4.2.1. Steam explosion ................................................................................................................. 7 1.4.2.2. Liquid hot water pretreatment ............................................................................................ 7 1.4.2.3. Acid pretreatment............................................................................................................... 8 1.4.2.4. Ionic liquids pretreatment .................................................................................................. 8 1.4.2.5. Alkaline pretreatment......................................................................................................... 9 1.4.3. Biological pretreatment ........................................................................................................... 11 1.5. Generation of Inhibitory Compounds During Pretreatment .......................................................... 11 1.6. Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass ....................................................................... 14 1.6.1. Cellulase .................................................................................................................................. 14 1.6.2. Xylanase .................................................................................................................................. 15 1.6.3. Laccase .................................................................................................................................... 17 1.6.4. Surfactants............................................................................................................................... 18 1.6.5. Washing .................................................................................................................................. 19 1.7. Detoxification of Enzymatic Hydrolysates .................................................................................... 20 1.7.1. Physical methods of detoxification ......................................................................................... 21 1.7.2. Physicochemical methods of detoxification ........................................................................... 21 1.7.2.1. Overliming ....................................................................................................................... 21 1.7.2.2. Ion exchange resins .......................................................................................................... 22 1.7.2.3. Activated charcoal ........................................................................................................... 23 1.7.2.4. Liquid-liquid extraction ................................................................................................... 23 1.7.3. Ionic liquids ............................................................................................................................ 24 1.7.4. Recovery and regeneration of ionic liquids and extractives ................................................... 26 1.7.4.1. Distillation and evaporation ............................................................................................. 26 1.7.4.2. Membrane filtration ......................................................................................................... 26 1.7.4.3. Physical adsorption .......................................................................................................... 27 1.7.5. Biological methods ................................................................................................................. 27 1.8. Goals of This Study ....................................................................................................................... 28 References ......................................................................................................................................... 29 CHAPTER 2. OPTMIZATION OF LIQUID AMMONIA PRETREATMENT VARIABLES FOR MAXIMUM ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS YIELD OF ENERGY CANE BAGASSE ....................42 2.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 42 iv 2.2. Material and Methods .................................................................................................................... 43 2.2.1. Biomass ................................................................................................................................... 43 2.2.2. Experimental design and statistical analysis ........................................................................... 44 2.2.3. Liquid ammonia pretreatment ................................................................................................. 45 2.2.4. Chemical composition analysis............................................................................................... 45 2.2.5. Enzymatic hydrolysis .............................................................................................................. 45 2.2.6. Chemical composition of hydrolyzed samples ......................................................................