DOCUMENT RESUME ED 027 377 VT 006 316 A Manual of Instruction for Log Scaling and the Measuremenr of Timber Products. Idaho State Board for Vocational Education, Boise. Div. of trade and Industrial Education. Report No- Vo-Ec:-No-38 Pub. Date (603 :Note-123p. EDRS Price MF40.50 HC-$6.25 Descriptors-*Forestry, *Forestry Occupations, Lumber Industry,*Manuals, Natural Resources, Textbooks, *Trade arid Indusirial rAvration. Trees. *Vocational Aar:cult:rt.- This manualwas developed by a state advisory committee in Idaho to improve and standardize log scaling and providea reference in.training men for the: jub uf ;og scaling in timJer measurement. The content includes: (1)an introduCtion containing the scope of the manual, a definition and_history of scaling, thereasons for scaling, and the responsibilities and qualifications of the scaler, (2)safe practices in log scaling, (3) principles of log scaling containingunits of measure, theory anduse of the log rule, scaling equipMent, log measurements, -merchant ability,numbering and lettering of logs, oyer-run and under-run, records andreports, non-utilization scaling, and check scaling, (4) identification of tree species, (5) log defectsand determination of deductions, (6) scaling from the stump, (7)measurement of post, mining timber, "poles, pulp, and log decks, and (8) log grading. Thereare thirteen tables and 112 illustrations some ih color, supplementing the printedtext. (011) .. " EMS, elefe 4.1 r kez 11 ,444 It=. 5.2"..? I. 1. 4, swel 4C, 1,1 _ U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT.POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDUCATION 1 POOH OR POLICY. 1 A MANUAL OF INSTRUCTION FOR LOG SCALING AND THF MEASUREMENT OF TIMBER PRODUCTS Prepared by Division of Trade and Industrial Education Idaho State Board for Vocational Education and the State Advisory Committee for Log Scaling 3 IDAHO "STATE BOARD FOR'VOCATIONALEDUCATION GEORGE E. DENMAN State Director, Vocational Education S. R. GLENN State Supervisor, Trade and Industrial Education IDAHO STATE BOARD FOR VOCATIONALEDUCATION MARGUERITE CAMPBELL, President New Meadows CURTIS EATON, Vice-President Twin FAs JOHN J. PEACOCK, Secretary Kellogg JAmEs E. GRAHAM Rexburg CLAUDE V. MARCUS Boise D. F. ENGELKING, State Superintendent Ex-Officio ... i FOREWORD The forests of Idaho cover approximately one-thirdof her total area and represent a resource which is vital to hereconomy. The processing and marketing of forest products hasgrown into one of the foremost industries in the State, not only froma monetary standpoint, but also in numbers of workers employed. This growth has not been withoutproblems, however, and timber measurement ranks highon. the critical list. Diversified ownerships, inadequately trainedscalers, and other conditions pertinent to the harvesting and measureineisil'itforest products in local areas of the State have resulted in a variety of proceduresbeing used for timbal measurement. These varied procedureswere satisfactory for a time; bat, as timber became more inaccessibleand more expensive to harvest,a need for greater accuracy and uniformityin timber measurementwas evident. In the early 1920's, the lumber industryrequested the assistance of the Idaho State Board for Vocational Educationin correcting the timbermeasure- ment problem. In answer to this request, thevocational board employed Clyde E. Knouf, Lumberman, U.S. ForestService, to help in solving this problem. As a partial solution, Mr. Knoufconducted a series of short, in- tensive courses for log scalers in the Coeurd'Alene and Priest Lakeareas. In 1922, the Idaho State Board for VocationalEducation first printed the material used by Mr. Knouf in his classesir a bulletin entitled "Trade Course in Log Scaling for Idaho Woods."The original bulletinwas revised and reprinted in 1924. The classes conducted by Mr. Knouf andthe two editions of the manual did much to improve and to standardizelog scaling, not only in Idaho, but in surrounding states as well. BothMr. Knouf and the manual gained wide recognition in the field of log scaling. In recent years, considerable emphasis hasbeen placed upon greater utilization of forest products. This, togetherwith increased harvesting costs and technological advances in the industry,has again brought abouta need for more uniformity andaccuracy in timber measurement. During the winter of 1957-58, the NorthernIdaho Forestry Association and the Southern Idaho Forestry Associationrequested that the Idaho State Board for Vocational Education assist intraining men for the job of log scaling and timber measurement. In orderto be aisured that the training offered would not be basedupon obsolete practices, theldaho State Board for Vocational Education appointedrepresentatives from the lumber industry and from: the State Land Departmentto a State Advisory Committee for Log Scaling. The general responsibilitiesof the committee were to review the old manual and to recommend suchchanges as were necessary to bring it up to date. Consultants from theWestern Pine Association, the U.S. Forest Service, the University of IdahoCollege of Forestry, the Bureau of Land Management, and the StateForestry Department were appointed by the vocational board to assist thecommittee in various technical phasesof the manual. \ IV FOREWORD The Trade and Industrial Division of the Idaho State Board for Vocational Education is greatly indebted to the following individuals, who gave freely of their time and knowledge in the rewriting of this manual and to their em- ployers who made it possible for them to participate in committee activities: Members of the State Advisory Committee for Log Scaling Chairman AL Roquour EDWARD F. LEMON Gencral Manager General Manager R. G. Haley Corporation Idaho Fine Cumpany Lewiston, Idaho Meridian, Idaho FRANK AKRIDGE THOR NYBERG Scaling Supervisor Head Check Scaler Boise Cascade Lumber Company Potlatch Forests, Incorporated Emmett, Idaho Lewiston, Idaho ART C. HUBBARL JOE C. PARKER Check Scaler Woods Production Manager Brown's Tie and Lu._ er Company Diamond Gardner Corporation McCall, Idaho Northwest Division Spokane, Washington ROGER TEMPLETON Check Scaler Idaho State Land Department Boise, Idaho Consuitants to the Committee R. L. GILBERTSON LYNN KNIGHT Assistant Professor Forester College of Forestry, U. of I. Boise National Forest Moscow, Idaho Boise, Idaho ROGER GUERNSEY A. 0. NOUSIANEN State Forester Forester State Forestry Department U.S. Forest Service Boise, Idaho Missoula, Montana DENNIS HESS ROBERT H. SEALE Forester Associate Professor U.S. Bureau of Land Management College of Forestry, U. of I. Boise, Idaho Moscow, Idaho FOREWORD V FREDERIC D. JOHNSON LOUISE THUNEMANN Instructor Materials Writer College of Forestry, U. of I. Idaho State Bd. for Voc. Ed. Moscow, Idaho Boise, Idaho ORLO B. JOHNSON GERALD WILLIAMS Check Scaler Forester Western Pine Association U.S. Bureau of Land Management Portland, Oregon Boise, Idaho VIOLA ELLIS Committte Secretary Idaho State Bd. for Voc. Ed. Boise, Idaho The material which follows is a second revision of the manual "Trade Course in Log Scaling for Idaho Woods." It should be a valuable help to those who are employed as log scalers, to those who are teaching log scaling classes, and to those who are learning the log scaling occupation. The new manual should also assist materially in standardizing a system of measure- ment for Idaho forest products. S. R. GLENN GEORGE E. DENMAN State Supervisor State Director Trade and Industrial Education Vocational Education CONTENTS PAGE FOREWORD III LIST OF TABLES VI LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. VIII CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1 Scope of the Manual 1 Definition of Scaling History of Scaling Reasons for Scaling. Responsibilities of the Scaler. 3 Qualifications of the Scaler 3 II. SAFE PRACTICES IN LOG SCALING. 5 III. PRINCIPLES OF LOG SCALING.. ... .. .................. Units of Measure Theory and Use of the Log Rule. Scaling Equipment 13 Log Measurements 14 Merchantability 17 Numbering and Lettering of Logs 18 Overrun and Underrun 18 Records and Reports 19 Nonutilization Scaling 19 Check Scaling 20 IV. IDENTIFICATION OF TREE SPECIES. 24 V. LOG DEFECTS AND DETERMINATION OF DEDUCTIONS 43 VI. SCALING FROM THE STUMP 95 VII. MEASUREMENT OF POSTS, MINING TIMBER, POLES, PULP AND LOG DECKS 96 VIII. LOG GRADING 106 APPENDIX Symbols for Defects 109 INDEX 110 LIST OF '17AEL r, s TABLE P.cm. 1. Scribner Decimal C T Og Rule 9 2. Scribner Formula Log Rule 12 3. Taper Guide for Logs With Two or More Scaling Lengths 16 4. Standards of Accuracy as Shown in Percentages of Variation (Plus or Minus) Between Check and Original Scales. 21 5. Pitch and Shake Ring Deduction Chart 78 , 6. Minimum Top (Small End) Measurements for Posts 96 7. Manufacturing and Grading Specifications for Western Redcedar Poles _ 98 8. ManuTacturing and Grading Specifications for Lodgepole Pine Poles.99 9. Manufacturing and Grading Specifications for Douglas Fir Poles 100 10. Manufacturing and Grading Specifications for Western LarchPoles. 101 11. Maximum Allowable Size of Defective Cores in Merchantable Pulp Logs 103 12. Log Rule for Computing Pulp Volume 104 13. Symbols for Defects 109 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURE PAGE 1 Diagram showing the number of 1-inch boards that can be cut from a log of a specified diameter 7 2Section of scalestick 8 3Section of Coconino scalestick 8 4 Common working tools of the log scaler 13 5Scaling cylinder