International Symposium Intellectual Property Rights and East Asian Renaissance Hosted by: Institute of Economic Research, Kyoto University and Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI) at Tokyo International Forum, January 28, 2008 GlobalizationGlobalization andand EastEast AsianAsian RenaissanceRenaissance Masahisa Fujita RIETI/Konan University/Kyoto University 1 Globalization and Intellectual Renaissance since the end of 20th Century Revolutionary development in transportation technology and information/communication technology Intellectual Renaissance Acceleration of Promotion of Brain Power Society led by Globalization knowledge-creating activities Reorganization of economic/social systems in the global scale (Globalization, Regional integration, Localization (creating intellectual hubs) , Networking) 2 European (Italian) Renaissance 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450 1500 1550 1600 Interrupted by the major plague Europe: Renaissance epidemic Explosion in Creativity centered around Italian city states covering most fields literature sculpture science classics, philosophy geniuses painting architecture engineering exploring Dante（Literature） Leon Battista Alberti Giotto Cambio Gutenberg Marco Polo Boccaccio (Literature) Leonardo da Vinci Paolo Uccello Donatello Galileo Columbus Leonardo Bruni (Classics) Michelangelo Fra Angelico Robbia Copernicus Vasco da Gama Poggio Bracciolini (Classics) ・・・ Piero della Francesca Verrocchio Kepler Amerigo Vespucci ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ ・・・ Botticelli Raphael ・・・ 3 Dutchy of Savoy Bishopric of Trent Milan Marquisate of Montferrat Marquisate of Mantua Republic of Venice Asti Venice Marquisate of Saluzzo Genoa Dutchy of Milan Capri Ferrara Mirandola Bologna Republic of Genoa Faenza Carrara Imora Forli Lucca Florence Rimini San Marino Republic of Florence Pesaro Urbino Siena Piombino Perugia Papal States Rome Pontecorvo Benevento Naples Bari Kingdom of Naples Brindisi Taranto Palermo Messina Reggio Italian distribution of th power in the 15 Syracuse century 4 Source: Nanami Shiono’s works on Renaissance Volume 1: What was the Renaissance?, published by Shinchosha European Renaissance the major reduction of globalization of trade rapid growth of city states based on “Transport Costs” • growth of financial ind. comparative advantages for goods • growth of merchant class services・money・people・information and agglomeration economics • Florence ・・・ financial city • Venice ・・・ marine transport / trade • Milan •Rome • Naples ・・・ • the Crusades Improvement of Revolution in Printing Tech. • the fall of the Byzantine sea / land transport • paper manufacturing • Bruges Europe technology • invention of letterpress • Paris • removal of obstacles in printing by Gutenberg • Hamburg land / sea transportation (1450) • London • encounter with Byzantine / Islamic Civilization Competition among city states: Developed through the synergy due to competitions in politics, economics, business, art and culture. 5 City State＝Creative city: collective of political, economic, business, educational, human resource development, art and cultural activities Nanami Shiono What was the Renaissance? City State＝Agglomeration of brain power, created by people who did not have land properties but brains. Art in each city: Developed through competition among studios Studio ＝ Multi-talented manufacturing group based on a master and artisans • Emphasis on both art and business • Place for creating new idea one after the other • Training institute for teaching various techniques, which spun off one after the other Example：Florence in the late 15th Century Painting studios：approx. 40 Mason studios：54 Wood working studios：84 Metal working studios：44 6 Development of the Brain Power Society since the late 20th century Revolutionary development in ICT and Transport Technology globalization of competition in Development of the world economy innovation power Brain Power Society The major reorganization of Global economic・political・social systems (globalization / localization) 7 Fig. 7.2.1. Transition in the number of patent applications in the world (in 10 thousands) Patent applications in the world (2004) Other Other APEC countries and regions Total patent China applications S Korea in the world US Cross-border applications Approx. 1.6 M applications Japan Domestic applications Number of patent applications Year Nihon Keizai Shimbun Evening edition dated Source: Japan’s Patent Office and WIPO data for the figures before 1993. September 4, 2007 Industrial Property Statistics from 1994 to 2001 by WIPO for the figures after 1993. Ref: Table 7.2.1 Source: Science and Technology Trends (ed. 2004), National Institute of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology 8 Note：Comparison between idea/technology/knowledge and (Ordinary) goods and services • (Ordinary) Goods ＝ Private Goods •NewIdea, Technology,＝ and Knowledge Public Goods ＋ Cumulative Effects ＋ Chain Reaction (Everybody can use them) (Snowballing growth) (Billiard effect) 9 Toward Intellectual Renaissance in East Asia World Factory East Asian Renaissance World Innovation Center Brain Power Society 10 China: National Plan for Scientific and Technology Development Announced in February, 2006 By 2020： Advanced Country in Science and Technology With the base science and cutting-edge technological researches, the country aims to provide great contributions to the world (An innovation-driven nation) By 2050： World Center in Science and Technology 11 Fig. 2.3.3. Transition in the proportion of R&D expenses against GDP in major countries Japan S.Korea US Germany France UK China Japan US Germany France % of R&D expenses against GDP UK S Korea China (Year) Source: Main Science and Technology Indicators by OECD Note 1: R&D expenses are the total amount used for domestic R&D in each country. GDP amounts are nominal. R&D expenses and GDP amounts for all countries, with the exception for EU-25, are converted from the original currencies to Japanese yen using the purchasing power parity provided by OECD. Note 2: Latest figures shown on the graph are the figures of 2004 for Japan, South Korea, US, Germany and France. Those for UK, EU-25 and China are the figures of 2003. Source: Characteristics and Challenges of Japanese Innovations by Sadao Nagaoka, RIETI senior researcher, 12 October 16, 2007 National targets towards innovation-country Source: ： Characteristics of the National Innovation System in China released by Lu Wei (DRC) on October 16, 2007 at RIETI 13 major policies and measures for the development of science and technology Strategy on intellectual property rights and technology standard Promotion of international and regional cooperation and exchanges in science & technology Source: ： Characteristics of the National Innovation System in China released by Lu Wei (DRC) 14 on October 16, 2007 at RIETI Intellectual Renaissance based on in East Asia 15 Importance of Diversity in Brain Power (Knowledge-creating) Society Most critical resources in knowledge-creating society ・Individual human resource and brain power (Brain＝Only the resource that expands with use) ・Diversity in Brains＝Synergy created by the diversity of people and human resources 16 Synergy in Knowledge Creation through the Collaboration of Heterogeneity Brains “三个臭、 皮匠、抵个渚葛亮” “Out of the counsel of three comes wisdom” Total knowledge of A Total knowledge of B A’s Own Common B’s Own Knowledge Knowledge Knowledge 17 “Out of the counsel of three comes wisdom” Is it true in the long-run as well? Total Knowledge of A Total Knowledge of B A’s Own Common B’s Own Knowledge Knowledge Knowledge “After the three years, it is just knowledge” 18 Polarized concentration of knowledge workers Antinomy Short-run Long-run Increased knowledge externality Decreased diversity due to close communication among due to expanded common various people Knowledge (like cookie-cutter) To prevent this, Exchange and flow of human resources and people in and among organizations, cities and regions 19 Two-country case Ki K j Kk Kl i, j∈ A Cij Ckl k, l∈ B Inter-regional ionsinteract country intra intra country A interactions migration interactions B i∈ A j∈ B Ki Kl Cil 20 the footmarks of Leonardo da Vinci 21 Source: Leonardo da Vinci: Real Life of the Genius, Asahi Shimbun, NHK, NHK Promotions Intellectual Exchange among European Cities（1985-2002） ｰ Based on the number of citations from registered patents among hi-tech companies ｰ 22 Source: M.M. Fisher et. al. (2005) Patent Citations in East Asia The World Bank, An East Asian Renaissance, 2007, p.163 Seven East Asian economies = Korea, China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand 23 Patent Citations in the Electronic Industry The World Bank, An East Asian Renaissance, 2007, p.166 24 25 December 17, 2007 Source: TIME, December 17, 2007 26 the number of college graduates in China 33% in Technology • Science 27 Source: Nikkei Business, January 21, 2008 28 Far Eastern Economic Review, October 28, 2004 29 Godon Fairclugh, “Gay Asia: Tolerance Pays” (Far Eastern Economic Review, October 28, 2004) Singapore’s more relaxed attitude towards homosexuality a broader govt. strategy to transform the city into a creative idea-driven economy 30 Establishment and Promotion of Desirable System of Intellectual Property Rights to Foster East Asian Renaissance Copyright Patent right Design right Trademark right Measures against counterfeits and pirated goods The desired system of intellectual property rights to to promote knowledge-creation and innovation （Avoid “the worse cure than the disease”) 31 achieving East Asian Renaissance together based on diversity contributing to the World Development 32 謝謝 33.