GEMS AND EClOUS STONE OF NORTH AMERICA A POPULAR DESCRIPTION OF THEIR OCCURRENCE, VALUE, HISTORY, ARCHEOLOGY, AND OF THE COLLECTIONS IN WHICH THEY EXIST, ALSO A CHAPTER ON PEARLS AND ON REMARKABLE FOREIGN GEMS OWNED IN THE UNITED STATES . ILLUSTRATED WITH EIGHT COLORED PLATES AND NUMEROUS MINOR ENGRAVINGS BY (IHORGE FREDERICK KUNZ GEM EXPBRT WITH MESSRS. TIFFANV * CO., SPBCIAL AGENT OF THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY AND OF THE ELEVENTH UNITED STATES CENSUS, MEM- BER OF THE MINERALOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, THE IMPERIAL MINERALOGICAL SOCIETY OF ST. PETERSBURG, THE SOC16t& FRAN9AISE DB MIn£rALOC1E, ETC NEW YORK HE SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING COMPANY MDCCCXC COPYRIGHT, 1890 liY THE SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING COMPANY OIWUM OMTMtm * TUKNURE ANT AOC f>RCM «XI * WMT 1«TM OTBIST, N. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS COLORED PLATES Plate i. A, D, Cut Sapphire, El Dorado Bar, near Helena, Mont; B, Dewey Diamond found in 1855, near Manchester, Va.; C, Natural Crystal of Sapphire, El Dorado Bar, Mont; E, Section of Sapphire Crystal, banded blue and yellow, Jenks Mine, Macon County, N. C. (American Museum of Natural History, New York City) F, ; Asteriated Sapphire, Jackson County, N. C; G, Ruby, Jenks Mine, Macon County, N. C; H, First Sapphire found in the United States, from Corundum Hill, Macon County, N. C. Restored to matrix after being cut (American Museum of Natural His- tory, New York City) Plate 2. A, Holy Toad of the Zuni Indians, Clam-shell in- crusted with turquoise and shell (Hemenway Ex- pedition Collection) ; B, Turquoise in rock, Los Cerrillos, N. M.; C, Turquoise in rock, Humboldt, ii. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Plate 2. page Nev.; D, Cyanite, Seven Mile Ridge, Mitchell County, N. C; E, Shell Ring inlaid with tur- quoise and shell (Hemenway Expedition Collec- tion) 60 Plate 3. A, Natural Garnet Pebble found near Fort Defi- ance, Ariz.; B, Garnet found near Gallup, N. M.; C, Peridot, Fort Defiance, Ariz.; D, E, Natural Pebbles of Peridot called "Job's Tears," found near Gallup, N. M.; F, Spessartite Garnet, Ame- lia Court House, Va. (American Museum of Nat- ural History, New York City) G, H, I, ; J, Arrow- points of chalcedony, carnelian, obsidian, and jas- per, Columbia River, Ore.; K, Crystal of Topaz, Cheyenne Mountain, Colorado (American Museum of Natural History, New York City) L, ; Almandite Garnet Crystal, Fort Wrangel, Stickeen River, Alaska; M, Chlorastrolite, Isle Royale, Lake Su- perior (Lynde Collection) ; N, Topaz, Cheyenne Mountain, Col 65 Plate 4. A, Blue Tourmaline (indicolite). Mount Mica, Me. (New York State Cabinet) B, White ; Tourma- line (achroite), De Kalb, St. Lawrence County, N. Y.; C, White Tourmaline (achroite). Mount Mica, Paris, Me.; D, Red Tourmaline (rubellite), Mount M ica, Paris, Me.; E, Green Tourmaline, Mount Mica, Paris, Me.; F, Crystal of Tourma- line, Mount Mica, Paris, Me. (Hamlin Collec- tion) ; G, Section of a Crystal of Tourmaline from Mount Mica, Paris, Me., showing a red and white centre with green exterior; H, Section of Crystal of Tourmaline from Mount Mica, Paris, Me., showing dark blue and pink centre with white exterior ....... 72 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS iii. Plate 5. page A, Lithia Emerald, Stony Point, Alexander County, N. C; B, Golden colored Beryl, Litchfield County, Conn.; C, Crystal of Aquamarine, Mount Antero, Chaffee County, Col; D, Azurite and Malachite in concentric bands, Morenci, Ariz. (American Museum of Natural History, New York City); E, H, Crystals of Emerald, Stony Point, Alex- ander County, N. C. (Bement Collection) F, ; Amazonstone (microcline), Pike's Peak, Col., one- fifth natural size (New York State Cabinet) ; G, Cut Aquamarine, Stoneham, Oxford County, Me. (Dexter Collection) 88 Plate 6. A, B, Cut Amethyst, Deer Hill, Stow, Me.; C, Group of Amethyst Crystals, Upper Providence Town- ship, Delaware County, Pa. (American Museum of Natural History, New York City) . .114 Plate 7. A, Rutile in Quartz, cut heart-shape (Venus' hair- stone, Fleche d'Amour, Sagenite), Alexander County, N. C; B, Smoky Quartz (cairngorm stone), Alexander County, N. C. (American Mu- seum of Natural History, New York City) ; C, Rutile in Quartz, West Hartford, Vt. (Hubbard Collection) 124 Plate 8. A, Pearl from common clam (Venus Mercenaria), Long Island Sound, twice " natural size ; B, Queen Pearl," natural size, found in 1857 near Paterson, N. J.; C, Right Valve of Mother-of-Pearl Shell inclosing parasitic fish (oligocottus), coast of west- ern Mexico ; D, Curious Pearl from Unio, from Cumberland River, Tenn.; E, Pearl showing con- centric rings, magnified four diameters, from Little Miami River, Ohio 212 iv. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE Great Crystals of Sapphire, weight 312 and 11 3-4 pounds, in the Shepard Collection, Amherst College 46 Turquoise Mine, Los Cerrillos, N. M 54 Turquoise Charms, Beads, and Ornaments made by Navajo Indians . 56 Human Skull incrusted with Turquoise and with eyes of iron pyrites, from the Christy Collection, British Museum ; White Marble Prairie Dog, with eyes of turquoise, used by medicine-men to induce rain . 62 Crystal of Topaz from Stoneham, Me.; Mammoth Beryl, weight two tons, from Grafton, N. H. 68 Crystal Almandite Garnet, weight 9 2-3 pounds, found in 35th Street, near Broadway, New York City, No- vember, 1885 ... ... .82 Transparent Quartz, half natural size, from Crystal Mountain, Garland County, Ark. .110 Agatized Tree, " Fallen Chief," Chalcedony Park, and View in Chalcedony Park, Ariz. .136 Bridge of Agatized Tree. 55 feet in length, Chalcedony Park, Ariz 138 Six Fresh-Water Pearls, natural size, from rivers of Ohio, Tennessee, and Texas ; Pearl with clay centre, magnified six diameters. .216 Shell of Pearl Oyster with Adhering Pearl, from Bay ' of Guaymas, Lower California . .222 Pearls found on Altar of Marriott Mound, Little Miami Valley, Ohio ... 226 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS V. PAGE Abalone Shell (Haliotis splendens) from Seal Rock, San Diego County, Cal. .236 Beads of Jadeite, Agate, Jasper, Serpentine, and Rock Crystal, Valley of Mexico 282 Polished Figures of Obsidian from Mexico, half natural size (United States National Museum) . 296 Obsidian Knife from Tepoxtlan, Mexico, length 18 inches, Blake Collection (United States National Museum) ........ 298 ILLUSTRATIONS IN TEXT Figure i. page Pseudomorph of Turquoise after Apatite, Taylor's Ranch, Fresno County, Cal. .61 Figure 2. Beryl (shifted crystal) Monroe, Conn. -91 Figure 3. Chrysoberyl, Norway, Me. ..... 95 Figure 4. Twinned Crystals of Chrysoberyl, Greenfield, N. Y. 97 Figure 5. Crystal of Phenacite, Crystal Peak, Col, . 99 Figure 6. Vinaigrette made from Rock Crystal found in Ashe County, N. C, Paris Exposition, 1889 . 121 Figure 7. Dissected Crystal of Chiastolite (made) Lancaster, Mass 175 vi. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 8. page Section of round and pear-shaped Pearl, showing internal structure . ,218 Figure 9. Insect (walking-stick) imbedded in shell of Unio from Long Island . .228 Figure 10. Method of opening mussels in Saxony without kill- ing Unio 232 Figure it. Instruments used in Saxony to open mussels without killing them . .232 Figure 12. Curiously shaped Pearl from common oyster . 235 Figure 13. Jadeite Mask, Mexico 281 Figure 14. Rock Crystal Skull, 5 inches in width, Trocadero Museum, Paris 285 Figure 15. Crescent of Rock Crystal from Valley of Mexico, Trocadero Museum, Paris 286 Figure 16. Obsidian Mirror from Oaxaca, Mexico, Pinard Col- lection, Trocadero Museum, Paris . 300 Figure 18. Primitive Method of drilling a hard stone with a reed and sand . ... 304 Figure 19. Banner-stone of Ferruginous Quartz, Iredell County, N. C 305 Figure 20. Primitive method of chipping flint .... 307 ERRATA. Page 20, line 13, /fr twined read twinned. Page 168, line 20,/fr Sante rMa' Santa. Page 29, line s,/or 1 1-5 carats read iy<t carats. Page 168, line 22, /<^r sperolite rea*/ spherolitic. Pat;e 15, line m,/or Onaka read Unal<a. Page 169, line ib, /or Squire rcaa' Squier. Pajje line 2T„/or 44, Shorting' read Shooting. Page 173, line 5, /or A like B read B like A. Page 51, line 28, insert AVkda/ter pyrite. Page 176, line 3,/fr 10 to 6 read 10 by 6. in of fifth Page 68, heading analysis, for TurnbuU read Page 179, line 9, /or breccilated read breccialed. Trumbull. Page 182, lines i and 11, A^r Marias read Marais. Page 6g, line 26, for Mountains read Mountain. Page 187, line 20, /or Hartford read Harford. Page 74, line 27, covered uncovered. Page 193, line ii,/ar popular rf-a^^ poplar. Page 74, line 2g, /or dips /vao' strikes. Page 198, line 20, /or ashes read oxide. Page 75, line S,/or or read of. Page 201, line 6, /'or Cresswicks read Crnsswicks. Page 75, line 6, /or rubellites read rutellite. Page 203, line 11, a/ter species insert of in.sects. Page 79, line ^, /or the read this. Page 206, foot-note t\,/or Missouri read Mission. Page 83, lines 12 and 19, /or melonite read melanite. F^age 230, line 26, for Olentangg: read Olentangy. Page 101, last line, /or is read are. Page 248, line 2b,/or Jefferies r^aa" Jeffries. Page 104, line ^,/or microline read microcline. F'age 250, line ^g,/or Caciques read Cacique. Page 108, line 20, /or Ash read Ashe. Page 250, foot-nute i./or Charlestown read Charleston. Page 114, line 21, /or Jefferies ; Jefferis. Page 253, line 9,y<'r Jefferies r^aa' Jeffries. Page 116, line \^,/or Anteros r^aa' Antero. Page 254, line ^T,/or cosfalus r^aa" costatus. Page 110, line \b,/or plegmatic 7 ^aa" pegmatitic. Page 254, line 8 from bottom, /i>r Techa read Teche. Page lines 131, 24 and ?,\,/or Uraguay read Uruguay. Page 2^9, line 15, /fr was read were. line Page 24 a/ter Richmond insert Indiana. Page 266, line 23, /t>r and read a^.