Index Page numbers in italic refer to Figures. Page numbers in bold refer to Tables. accretion 10, 84, 123, 132, 200, 246 apatite fission-track data 329 Baltoscandian margin 577, 583 continent–arc collision 567–570 thermochronology 178, 221–222, 232 Baltoscandian platform 481–483, 489, 540 magmatic arc (1.7 Ga) 253–266 apatite–Fe oxide 24, 28–29, 56, 58, 197 Baltoscandian rift basins 488 Norrbotten and Överkalix lithotectonic deposits 5, 65–69, 72, 191, 192, 194, 230 banded iron formation 118, 120 units 74,75 apatite–magnetite deposit, Kiruna 17, 68 Bergslagen lithotectonic unit 183, 191, accretion/subduction 208, 539–540, Ar–Ar age 301, 302, 457, 556, 569, 582 192, 194, 196, 197, 230 583, 584 Carboniferous–Neogene 609–610, 613 Norrbotten and Överkalix lithotectonic Caledonide 517–543 Köli Nappe Complex 553 units 28, 52, 54, 67,69 Cambrian 543 middle thrust sheets 522–525, 531, banded magnetic pattern 341, 353, 398 accretionary orogen, Gothian 430 535, 539 banded orthogneiss 158, 162 accretionary orogen, Sveconorwegian 337, Svecokarelian 50, 113, 157, 176, basalt, Mesoproterozoic 279–282 339, 377–379, 381, 390 177–178, 210, 213, 219, 221 base metal sulphide deposits 190–194, 200 reworked (1.1–0.9 Ga) 435–445 Ar–Ar age, Sveconorwegian 345, 380–381 Småland lithotectonic unit 229–231 accretionary orogenesis 231, 247, Eastern Segment 367, 368–369, basement, antiformal windows 507–508 309–310, 322 371–374, 377–378 Bastnäs-type deposits 197 distal magmatism 269–285 Idefjorden terrane 400, 401, 404, 406 bedrock 486 future work 310 arc–basin complex 149–150 Bergslagen lithotectonic unit 157 non-collisional 292–301 Archean basement 3,4,5,19–20, 24, Blekinge–Bornholm orogen 293 overview 237–247 74–75, 239 Blekinge–Dalarna dolerite 327, 330 Agder, tectonothermal phase 397, Norrbotten and Överkalix lithotectonic Bothnia–Skellefteå lithotectonic unit 412–413, 424, 430 units 27–76 85–86 aggregate 309, 388, 428 Årjäng, deformation zones 410–412 Ljusdal lithotectonic unit 133 Aitik–Cu–Au–Ag ore body 71–72 Arvidsjaur group 108, 110–113 Lower Paleozoic 463–464, 467 Åkerberg Au deposit 120 ash fall 466 Neoproterozoic–Paleozoic 453, 455 allochthon, Caledonides 481–490, Åsnen deformation belt 291, 293, Phanerozoic 609 495–496, 550 298, 305 Proterozoic–Mesoproterozoic 272–273 basement and nappes 506 Atlantic Ocean 607 Småland lithotectonic unit 209 early–mid Paleozoic 577–589 opening 540, 608, 616 Svecokarelian orogen 30 provenance 483, 497, 519, 551 Åtvidaberg sulphide deposit 229–230 Sveconorwegian orogen 399, 436 thrust sheets 495, 517–518 autobreccia 277 Eastern Segment 354, 356 allochthons, Norway 549–550 autochthon, Caledonides 483, 484, 487, western Scandinavia 551, 554, 557 Alpine orogeny 607, 608, 615–616 489, 551 western Sweden 520 Alum Shale Formation 460, 461–462, lower thrust sheets 495–496, 497, bedrock database 291 465, 485 501, 503 maps 11–12 décollement 487, 582 Avalonia 569, 570 bentonite 451, 466–468, 496, 502 kerogen resource 471 Avalonia–Baltica suture zone 583 Bergslagen lithotectonic unit 24, 254, lower thrust sheets 500–501, 504–507 261, 271 mineral resource 472, 509, 510 BABEL seismic reflection profile 38, 91, exhumation/brittle deformation Åmål group 413, 416–419, 423, 431 97, 138, 163, 217 177–178 Amazonia 443–444 back-arc setting 264, 283–284 future work 200–201 amphibolite 419–420, 422, 523–525, 530, Baltic Sea 461 geochronology 169–177 533–535 geology 460–463, 468, 469 magmatism and sedimentation 178–190 amphibolite facies 488, 489, 552, 558, hydrocarbon exploration 471 mineral resources 190–198 564, 566 Baltica 10, 237, 340, 443–444 overview 155–158 Sveconorwegian 338, 341, 345, 366, continent–ocean transition zone shear belt boundary 158–159 407–408, 412 517–543 stratigraphy 180 Eastern Segment 357, 360–361 continental drift evolution 451–455, 457 structure and metamorphism 159–169 Idefjorden terrane 413, 414, sedimentation 458–464 tectonics 198–200 416–417 plate tectonics 466, 468, 472, 481, Bergslagen ore district 155, 190–198, anatexis 200, 211, 215, 241, 567, 570 488–489, 499, 509, 511 344, 388 Sveconorwegian orogen 380, 390, 430, Baltica–Avalonia suture 603 biogenic carbonate 200 440, 441, 443 Baltica–Iapetus transition 484–488 bitumen 472 Andean orogen analogy 283–285 Baltica–Laurentia collision 567–570 Björkdal gold deposit 120 Änge Group 502 Baltica–Laurentia margins 583–585 black phyllite 526, 561 Ankarvattnet sulphide deposit 567 Baltoscandian Dyke Swarm 482, 581, black shale 482, 568, 587, 615 anoxic conditions 194, 462 583, 584 Lower Paleozoic 451, 461–462, 465, antimony mineralization 120 middle thrust sheets 518, 526, 529, 530, 466, 469, 471 apatite deposits 66, 67 536, 540, 542–543 lower thrust sheets 500–502, 505 622 INDEX Blekinge–Bornholm orogen 20, 21, 285, Caledonian deformation front 604, 605 continent–arc 458, 466, 472 293, 295, 379, 384 Caledonian erosional front 453, continent–continent 451, 466, 483, 488, future work 310 458–462, 580 489, 570 magmatism and sedimentation 303–309, Caledonian orogeny, far-field effect 221 Silurian–Devonian 567 381 Caledonian thrust front 504–506 Sveconorwegian orogeny 339–340, mineral resources 309 Caledonide orogen 1, 2–4,5,9,254, 345, 435, 441–443 overview 291–293 264–266 Neogene Africa–Europe 616 plate tectonics 309–310 Cambrian–Ordovician subduction/ Silurian–Devonian 481, 567–568 structure and metamorphism 293, accretion 517–543 Collisional Orogeny in the Scandinavian 295–301 exotic and outboard terrane 549–571 Caledonides 483, 487, 489, 496, timing of events 301–303 historical background 489–490 507, 511 Blekinge–Dalarna dolerite, dyke swarm lithostratigraphy 459–471 drilling programme 483, 531 325–331 Neoproterozoic–Silurian succession Colonus Shale Trough 453, 464, 469, 471 Blekinge–Dalarna dyke swarm 325–326 495–511 Columbia supercontinent 340, 390 Bohus granite, dimension stone 428 nomenclature schemes 490 break-up 10, 322 borehole location 612 Paleozoic collision 577–592 condensed sequence, Ordovician 462, 467 Bornholm 9, 608 tectonostratigraphic framework confacies belts 463, 465 Bothnia–Skellefteå lithotectonic unit 24, 481–489 conglomerate 57, 62, 108, 560 83–123, 106–111, 113 Caledonides collisional orogen, reviewed contamination history 318 boundaries 87–90 577–592 contamination, Archean source 84, 278 future work 123 analogue 591–592 continent–ocean transition zone 517–518, overview 83–87 future work 592 539–540, 543, 581, 584, plate tectonic setting 121–123 Iapetus terranes 583–589 589, 592 polyphase deformation, timing 99–106 NE Greenland 589–591 continental crust, age 337 sedimentation and magmatism 106–121 segmentation 581–583 continental crust, reworking 291–310 structure 90–99 tectonic framework 577–581 continental magmatic arc 244, 245–246 Bothnian Basin 83, 85, 120–121, 123, 132 Cambrian–Devonian sedimentation continental rift 74, 75, 283 structure 97–98 458–471 convergent plate tectonics 466, 570 Bothnian Supergroup 86, 106–108 carbon dioxide, geological storage 471 Sveconorwegian orogeny 435, 438, Bouguer gravity anomaly 7, 23, 24, 89, carbon isotope data 53, 182 441–443 253, 259, 315 carbonate 53, 182, 468, 469 cooling 170, 176, 209 Bergslagen lithotectonic unit 161, 167, Bothnia–Skellefteå lithotectonic unit cooling age 303, 549, 556 183, 189 121, 122 Sveconorwegian orogeny 367, Blekinge–Bornholm orogen 292, Cretaceous 615 380–381, 391 295, 301 industrial minerals 72–73, 198, 199, 388 cooling and metamorphism 537–539 Idefjorden terrane 398, 400, 409, 418, mineralization 5, 69, 71–72, 192–193 cooling history 219–222, 232 423, 427 mud mounds 466 copper deposit 51, 193, 194, 229–231 Ljusdal lithotectonic unit 131–132, 136 Norrbotten and Överkalix lithotectonic Cu–Au 24, 64–65, 72 rapakivi granite 276 units 42, 51, 69, 71–73 Cu–Au–Mo porphyry 123 Småland lithotectonic unit 208, 210, 211 Ordovician platform facies 501 Cu–Fe, Viscaria 69, 70 Svecokarelian orogen 28, 29, 32–34,41 Silurian 469 Cu–Zn–Fe sulphide 148 SW Sweden 341, 343, 353, 359, 364 carbonatite 319, 438 Cu–Zn–Pb–Au–Ag 116–120 breccia 66, 254, 261 Ediacaran complex 455–458 volcanogenic sulphide 239, 242 British Isles, Caledonides 481, 589 Carboniferous–Neogene rocks 604 copper sulphide deposits brittle deformation 41, 156, 301 stratigraphy and tectonics 608–616 Cu–Fe 345, 428 Bergslagen lithotectonic unit 177–178 Cenozoic compression 608 Cu–Zn–Fe 542, 565, 566–567 Bothnia–Skellefteå lithotectonic unit Central Caledonian Transect 498, 507 cover rocks 1, 2 98–99 Central Scandinavian Dolerite Group Cretaceous, tectonics/deposits 608, 615 Eastern Segment 351, 353, 355, 357, 315–322 cross-bedding 179, 180, 222, 283, 417, 361, 381 chalk facies 615 462, 601 Ljusdal lithotectonic unit 140, 143 chemical weathering 455–456 crust, thickness 283 Småland lithotectonic unit 219–222 chromite 51 crustal shortening 254, 279, 285, 299 Svecokarelian orogen 28, 32–33 clay, ceramic 617 Alpine orogeny 615–616 building stone see dimension stone cleavage 95, 139, 142, 167–169, 416, 556 Svecokarelian 74–75, 150, 158–159, burial 177–178, 197 Norrbotten and Överkalix lithotectonic 198, 231, 241 metamorphism 253, 271, 280 units 41, 43, 50, 57 Sveconorwegian 436, 438, 439 climate change, future research 472 Eastern Segment 338, 341, 344, 355, calc-alkaline affinity 146, 208–209, 231, climate mitigation 617 390–391 241, 245, 309 climate, Paleozoic 606 Idefjorden terrane 399, 419 Bothnia–Skellefteå lithotectonic unit coal 612, 615, 617 crustal thickening 246, 329, 412, 442, 443 107, 109, 112–114 cobalt deposit 191, 194 thermal response 440–441 magmatism 338, 381 collision 9–10, 75, 150, 237, 246, 309–310,