Environment and sustainable rural tourism in four regions of Serbia Southern Banat.Central Serbia.Lower Danube.Eastern Serbia - as they are and as they could be - November 2012, Belgrade, Serbia Impressum PUBLISHER: TRANSLATORS: Th e United Nations Environment Marko Stanojević, Jasna Berić and Jelena Programme (UNEP) and Young Pejić; Researchers of Serbia, under the auspices Prof. Branko Karadžić, Prof. Milica of the joint United Nations programme Jovanović Popović, Violeta Orlović “Sustainable Tourism for Rural Lovren, Vojislavka Šatrić and Jelena Development” (2010 – 2012) Beronja provided their contributions both in English and Serbian. EDITORS: Jelena Beronja, David Owen, PROOFREADING: Aleksandar Petrović, Tanja Petrović Charles Robertson, Clare Ann Zubac, Christine Prickett CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS: Prof. Branko Karadžić PhD, GRAPHIC PREPARATION, Prof. Milica Jovanović Popović PhD, LAYOUT and DESIGN: Ass. Prof. Vladimir Stojanović PhD, Olivera Petrović Ass. Prof. Dejan Đorđević PhD, Aleksandar Petrović MSc, COVER ILLUSTRATION: David Owen MSc, Manja Lekić Dušica Trnavac, Ivan Svetozarević MA, PRINTED BY: Jelena Beronja, AVANTGUARDE, Beograd Milka Gvozdenović, Sanja Filipović PhD, Date: November 2012. Tanja Petrović, Mesto: Belgrade, Serbia Violeta Orlović Lovren PhD, Vojislavka Šatrić. Th e designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations Environment Programme concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Moreover, the views expressed do not necessarily represent the decision or the stated policy of the United Nations, nor does citing of trade names or commercial processes constitute endorsement. Acknowledgments Th is publication was developed under the auspices of the United Nations’ joint programme “Sustainable Tourism for Rural Development“, fi nanced by the Kingdom of Spain through the Millennium Development Goals Achievement Fund (MDGF). Th e report was prepared by the team led by Chapters 4: (4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4 and 4.5): Jelena Beronja and Tanja Petrović, under overall Aleksandar Petrović, Branko Karadžić, David guidance provided by Rie Tsutsumi and Dragan Owen, Vojislavka Šatrić, Dejan Đorđević, Ivan Stefanović, with inputs from David Owen. Svetozarević, Milica Jovanović Popović, Milka Gvozdenović, Sanja Filipović, Violeta Orlović Th e report was prepared based on desk study Lovren, Vladimir Stojanović, Tanja Petrović, (carried out by Milka Gvozdenović, Tanja Dušan Kostić and Jelena Beronja. Petrović, Dušica Trnavac, Branko Karadžić, Chapter 5: Milka Gvozdenović, Dušica Sanja Filipović and Ivan Svetozarević with Trnavac, Tanja Petrović and David Owen inputs from Dragana Tar and Jelena Beronja), Chapter 6: Aleksandar Petrović, Vladimir fi eld study (research conducted by the team led Stojanović, David Owen, Ivan Svetozarević, by Aleksandar Petrović) and overall analysis by Dejan Đorđević, Violeta Orlović Lovren, David Owen (sustainable tourism), Aleksandar Vojislavka Šatrić. Petrović (geography and mountain tourism), Chapter 7: Vladimir Stojanović, Violeta Branko Karadžić (environment), Violeta Orlović Orlović Lovren, Aleksandar Petrović, David Lovren (protected areas), Vladimir Stojanović Owen. (sustainable tourism), Milica Jovanović Popović Chapter 8: David Owen, Aleksandar Petrović, (energy effi ciency and renewable energy Vladimir Stojanović, Branko Karadžić, sources), Dejan Đorđević (demography and Vojislavka Šatrić, Sanja Filipović, Violeta economic geography), Vojislavka Satrić (waste Orlović Lovren, Dejan Đorđević, Milica generation, collection and recycling), Tanja Jovanović Popović, Tanja Petrović and Jelena Petrović (policy analysis) and Jelena Beronja Beronja (biodiversity). Chapter 9: David Owen, Vladimir Stojanović. Followings are the chapter authors and Overall editorial work was carried out by Jelena contributors: Beronja and David Owen. Chapter 1: Jelena Beronja, Violeta Orlović Lovren and David Owen; Special thanks to our families, volunteers Chapter 2: Branko Karadžić, Aleksandar ( Jelena Ristić Beronja, Dragana Tar, Xavier Petrović, Violeta Orlović Lovren, David Owen, Maurer and Bojan Beronja), local expert Milica Jovanović Popović, Vojislavka Satrić help (Dušan Kostić) and external reviewer and Milka Gvozdenović; (Slobodan Puzović PhD). Chapter 3: Jelena Beronja, David Owen, Violeta Orlović Lovren, Vladimir Stojanović, Milica Jovanović Popović, Vojislavka Satrić and Dejan Đorđević; Contents I Summary 3.1.7 Waste Generation, Collection II List of Acronyms and Abbreviations and Disposal 46 3.1.7.1 Recycling 47 CHAPTER 1. 3.1.8 Energy effi ciency of buildings INTRODUCTION 21 in Serbia 48 3.1.9 Renewable Energy Sources 48 CHAPTER 2. METHODOLOGY 23 3.2 SUSTAINABLE TOURISM IN RURAL Identifi ed Issues 25 SERBIA 49 2.1 DEFINITIONS 26 3.2.1 Sustainable Tourism in Protected 2.1.1 Sustainable Tourism 26 Areas 49 2.1.2. Rural and Rurality 27 3.2.1.1 Protected areas visitors 2.1.3. Rural Tourism 27 numbers management 50 2.1.4. Growth of Rural Tourism 28 3.2.2 Socio-Economics in Rural Serbia 51 3.2.3 Sustainable Rural Tourism Development CHAPTER 3. in Serbia 53 NATIONAL CONTEXT – AN OVERVIEW 3.2.4 Th e fi ve components of sustainable OF ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE tourism 56 TOURISM 31 3.2.4.1 Biodiversity management guidelines in 3.1 Serbia’s ENVIRONMENT 31 rural tourism 57 3.1.1 Topography, geology 3.2.4.2 Education as means of strengthening of and morphology 31 local community integrity 58 3.1.1.1 Landscape analysis 32 3.2.5 Current status and potential of rural 3.1.1.2 Soil characteristics 32 tourism development in Serbia 61 3.1.2 Hydrology 33 3.2.6 Tourism Governance 63 3.1.2.1 Ground waters 33 3.2.6.1 Sustainable tourism in Special Nature 3.1.3 Climate analyses 34 Reserve ‘Zasavica’ 64 3.1.3.1 Climate Change 35 3.2.6.2 Th e Black Vulture and its eff ects in Serbia Conservation Foundation 65 3.1.4 Biodiversity 35 3.1.4.1 Species diversity 36 CHAPTER 4. 3.1.4.2 State of Forests 36 REGIONAL STUDIES 67 3.1.4.3 Main threats to biodiversity 4.1 Introduction 67 in Serbia 37 4.1.1. Local Regional characteristics 68 3.1.5 Protected Areas 38 4.1.2. Demography 68 3.1.5.1 Internationally acknowledged natural assets 39 CHAPTER 4.2 3.1.5.2 Environmental Governance 40 CENTRAL SERBIA 73 3.1.5.3 Protected areas management 41 4.2.1 Location73 3.1.6 Environmental Degradation 42 4.2.2 Landscape 73 3.1.6.1 Air pollution 42 4.2.3 Climate 75 3.1.6.2 Water Pollution 42 4.2.4 Demography and Settlements 75 3.1.6.3 Environmental hotspots 45 4.3.9 Recycling 111 4.3.10 Conclusions and recommendations 112 ENVIRONMENT 75 4.3.11 Biodiversity 113 4.2.5 Air 75 4.3.12 Protected Natural Area 113 4.2.6 Water 76 4.2.7 Soil 78 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTEXT - 4.2.8 Waste 78 PRESSURES ON THE 4.2.8.a.Recycling 80 ENVIRONMENT 116 4.2.8. b. Waste: conclusions 4.3.13. Energy 116 and recommendations 81 4.3.14. Building Energety effi ciency 118 4.2.9 Biodiversity 82 4.3.15 Employment 119 4.2.10 Protected Natural Areas 82 4.3.16 Industry 120 4.3.16.a Mining and chemical SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTEXT - industry 121 PRESSURES 4.3.17 Agriculture 122 ON THE ENVIRONMENT 85 4.3.18 Forestry, hunting and fi shing 123 4.2.11 Energy 85 4.3.19 Transport and Infrastructure 124 4.2.12 Building Energy effi ciency 87 4.2.13 Employment 88 TOURISM– PRACTICES AND 4.2.14 Industry 88 SUSTAINABILITY 124 4.2.14.a Th e Mining and Chemical Industry 89 4.3.20 Tourism - present state 124 4.2.15 Agriculture 89 4.3.20.a Tourism - Development Plans 127 4.2.16 Forestry, Hunting and Fishing 91 4.3.20.b Sustainable Tourism 4.2.17 Transport 92 in the Region 128 4.3.20.c Pressures of Tourism Sector on the TOURISM - PRACTICES AND Environment 128 SUSTAINABILITY 92 4.3.21 Conclusions and Recommendations 129 4.2.18 Tourism - Present State 92 4.3.22 Conclusions and Recommendations for 4103.2.18.a Sustainable Tourism tourism development in South Banat 133 in the Region 94 4.2.18.b Tourism - Development Plans 97 CHAPTER 4.4 4.2.18.c Th e Pressures of the Tourism Sector LOWER DANUBE 137 on the Environmen 99 4.4.1 Location 137 4.2.19 Conclusions and Recommendations 100 4.4.2 Landscape 137 4.2.20 Conclusions and Recommendations 4.4.3 Climate 139 for tourism development in Central Serbia 103 4.4.4 Demography and Settlements 139 CHAPTER 4.3 ENVIRONMENT 140 SOUTHERN BANAT 105 4.4.5 Air 140 4.3.1. Location 105 4.4.6 Water 140 4.3.2. Landscape 105 4.4.7 Soil 141 4.3.3 Climate 106 4.4.8 Waste 141 4.3.4 Demography and Settlements 106 4.4.8. a Recycling 142 4.4.8.b Waste: conclusions ENVIRONMENT 107 and recommendations 143 4.3.5 Air 107 4.4.9 Biodiversity 145 4.3.6 Water 107 4.4.10 Protected Natural Areas 146 4.3.7 Geology and Soil 109 4.3.8 Waste Generation, Collection a SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTEXT - nd Disposal 109 PRESSURES ON THE ENVIRONMENT 146 TOURISM - PRACTICES AND 4.4.11. Energy 146 SUSTAINABILITY 4.4.12. Building Energy effi ciency 148 188 4.4.13. Employment 149 4.5.18. Tourism – Present State 4.4.14. Industry 150 188 4.4.14.a Mining Industry 150 4.5.18.a Tourism 4.4.15. Agriculture 151 - Development Plans 4.4.16. Forestry, hunting and fi shing 151 190 4.4.17. Transport 152 4.5.18.b Pressures of the Tourism Sector on the Environment 192 TOURISM - PRACTICES AND 4.5.18.c Sustainable Tourism SUSTAINABILITY 152 in the Region 193 4.4.18.a Tourism – Present State 152 4.5.19 Conclusions and 4.4.18.b Tourism - Development Plans 156 Recommendations 193 4.4.18.c Pressures of the Tourism Sector 4.5.20 Conclusions and Recommendations on the Environment 157 for tourism development 4.4.19 Sustainable Tourism in the Region 157 of Eastern Serbia 198 4.4.20 Conclusions and Recommendations 161 4.4.21 Conclusions and Recommendations for CHAPTER 5.