GOptimaEmbed: A Smart SMS-SQL Database Management System for Low-Cost Microcontrollers N.E. Osegi Department of Information and Communication Technology National Open University of Nigeria Lagos State, Nigeria E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.osegi.com Tel: +234 7030081615 P.Enyindah Department of Computer Science University of Port Harcourt Rivers State, Nigeria E-mail: [email protected] Tel: +234 8036710489 ABSTRACT thus dependent on the quality and specifications of the smart devices employed which is largely The era of the Internet of things (IOT’s), machine- influenced by the nature of the application and the to-machine (m2m) and human-to-machine (h2m) environment. Typical smart devices used include computing has heralded the development of a from high-end and high cost microprocessors such modern-day smart industry in which humanoids as ARM Cortex M3, AVR 32-bit, and System-on- can co-operate, co-exist and interact seamlessly. chips (SoC’s) to low-end and cheap Currently, there are many projects in this area of microprocessors typically of the 8-bit category. smart communication and thus giving rise to an Smart databases are useful when traditional industry electrified by smart things. In this paper databases may not be a reliable and flexible option we present a novel smart database management as in real-time sensor-actuated information system (dbms), GOptimaEmbed, for intelligent networks and dynamic databases. When the querying of databases in device constrained database is not very large and memory embedded systems. The system uses genetic requirements are small, a smart dbms may be algorithms as main search engine and simplifies the preferable. Currently, improvement in smart device query process using stored in-memory model based manufacture and design miniaturization has led to on an invented device dependent Short-messaging- the available of very cheap high performance low- Structured Query Language, (SMS-SQL) schema end or resource constrained microprocessor translator. In addition, querying is done over the air systems such as the Arduino [1]. Smart dbms using integrated GSM module in the smart space. systems can encourage and facilitate the end-user The system has been applied to querying a plant programming modelling. database and results were quite satisfactory. Smart systems generally refer to a class of expert Keywords – GOptimaEmbed , smart dbms, genetic system devices for which the level of abstraction is algorithms, SMS-SQL a variant of the input to the system. In smart solutions, two core requirements are essential: 1. INTRODUCTION i. The knowledge or information and ii. The Inferential Mechanism A smart dbms is one in which information storage In order to effectively manipulate such a system, and retrieval is done entirely by smart devices. there is need for the presence of at least two main Smart devices on the other hand are ubiquitous players. We may refer to the actors or players in a knowledge based devices with inferential abilities. smart solution as “humanoids”. Here humanoids” is Smart processing involves the intelligent an acronym that stands for machine-man co- operations, timely intervention, extraction and operation or human-robot interface systems. utilisation of abstract and real data in smart space Currently, smart systems employ high-end or environment. The capability of a smart system is microprocessors and embedded systems such as ARM, FPGA, AMD and advanced computation may be decoded – the decoding process is libraries. These architectures may employ a subset practically done using special array structure of SQL called tinySQL [2] or SQL lite as well as a handling. The phenotype contains the alleles (or client-server engine for database management [3]. gene values). They serve as input values that must However, little work has been carried out by be fed to the fitness function to validate the researchers on the potential of SMS-SQL database evolution process. The gene locus or location of a integration in low-end devices. The lack of tight gene on a chromosome will be dependant to a large integration in existing systems has also reduced the extent on the nature of the cross-over scheme and effectiveness of information retrieval from these to a small extent on the type of mutation. Several systems. This is due to lack of suitable and readily mutation and crossover schemes have been given in available SMS-SQL syntax translator for in- [6] and have been successfully applied in practice. memory database and an adaptable and robust In a time dependent manner a selection is made search algorithm for devices of the low-end using any of the selection schemes of roulette category. Since this devices have a useful role to wheel, tournament or truncation described in [6, 7, play in the smart world, dbms strategies have to be 8]. The advantages of a GA approach is that they devised to tackle this category of embedded can serve as very good approximate reasoners and processors. GOptimaEmbed, is an alternative smart converge to the local minima quickly and dbms using the strength of a genetic algorithmic effectively. Thus, through the concept of natural search model and an efficient SMS-SQL syntax evolution- mutations, crossover, recombination, a translator for in-memory database queries. The core GA optimized solution can possibly attain the components of this system will be described briefly solution state earlier than conventional systems. here to enable the reader gain an insight into the Some GA’s for low end microprocessors have been “world of smart intelligence”. developed in [5, and 9]. However, these algorithms are needlessly complex, and not flexible for 1.1 Genetic Algorithms database integration. In this regard we seek to implement an effective but simple algorithm on a Genetic algorithms (GA) introduced by Holland small footprint microcontroller using a modified [4], are bio-inspired artificial (or machine) learning GA optimisation scheme adapted from [6]. This has search procedures developed to find exact or near the advantage of a minimum barebones approach to solutions to a variety of optimality and knowledge the Genetic search problem and can easily be discovery problems [5]. The GA’s are actually integrated into a C++ library class for further computer programs that reside on a microcomputer flexibility. device and offer the benefits of bio-inspired artificial reproduction which include random 1.2 Statement of Problem mutations, cross-over, selection and recombination from a parent population, as well as fitness In recent times there has been a rise in dedicated measures and checks. The artificial reproduction is ubiquitous smart microcomputer products for mathematically modelled using natural heuristics information retrieval and storage. However, most algorithms and decision trees with a stopping of these products are either too expensive or are not function when fitness is met. Fitness is actually sensor and human friendly. They lack interactive described as a core mathematical function or logic and controllability features. By using high-end operation that must be met for an individual to be databases, they are generally non-customizable deemed successful. Artificial reproduction gives making them resemble their PC counterparts. Also, rise to offspring’s who later become parents the potential of remote query exploitation using the themselves after a successful survival (fitting) SMS-SQL approach has not been fully explored in exercise. These reproduction and fitting process is the area of device constrained smart computers. carried out over many generations. In practice the generations are typically set to a finite number say 1.3 Research Objectives 10 to 100 for embedded systems and small to medium-scale AI based software projects. The Our research objectives are two-fold. fitted individuals are successful and are said to be First, we will build a smart computer model that potential solutions to the problem. The population will implement a real-time smart dbms for device in a GA process is made up of individuals also constrained devices. called chromosomes (genes) who participate in the Secondly, we will validate the model using the evolutionary process. All the genes in a given SMS-SQL queries as a proof-of-concept population give rise to the gene pool. The Genotype describes the individuals’ structure and quality. For a genotype, a defining length is given which is typically of fixed length strings or integer values representation and from which a phenotype In this paper we emphasise on device dependent database since our storage requirements is small 1.4 Embedded Processors/Systems and when the need to adapt the system to respond to dynamic inputs. We call this small data “micro- Embedded processors are typically microprocessors data”. This typically takes a few kilobytes and is with a single CPU that emphasises controllability desirable particularly in Sensor actuated networks. rather than complex computational arithmetic. However, modern day embedded processors can carry our some level of complex arithmetic with 2. RELATED WORKS some reduction in performance. In some cases these processors are referred to as microcontrollers Very little work has been done in the area of smart or single-board-computers. Examples of such database query SMS-SQL integrating Artificial include the 8051’s, AVR series, ARM Cortex, Intelligence schemes like GA’s. In [11] an SMS- Arduino, Intel Galileo, and variants thereof. SQL has been proposed for the management and Embedded processors form the heart and soul of an querying of a database. The features of the existing embedded system and provide the foundation for system include a high-end network processor and intelligence building in a smart product. In our an Operating System (OS) based on the Unix prototype, we have used the Arduino kernel in a client-server environment. The system microcomputer which is based on the require additional component such as USB Modem ATmega328P, an AVR 8-bit core microprocessor and two ports and this can increase the overall cost as a representative processor.