PUBLIC POLICY RESEARCH FUNDING SCHEME 公共政策研究資助計劃 Project Number : 項目編號： 2014.A7.007.14C Project Title : Hong Kong Immigrants in Shenzhen: Facts and 項目名稱： Challenges 香港人在深圳 : 現狀與挑戰 Principal Investigator : Professor WU Xiaogang 首席研究員： 吳曉剛教授 Institution/Think Tank : The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology 院校 ／智庫： 香港科技大學 Project Duration (Month): 推行期 (月) ： 12 Funding (HK$) : 總金額 (HK$)： 229,452.60 This research report is uploaded onto the Central Policy Unit’s (CPU’s) website for public reference. The views expressed in this report are those of the Research Team of this project and do not represent the views of the CPU and/or the Assessment Panel. The CPU and/or the Assessment Panel do not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this report. Please observe the "Intellectual Property Rights & Use of Project Data” as stipulated in the Guidance Notes of the Public Policy Research Funding Scheme. A suitable acknowledgement of the funding from the CPU should be included in any publication/publicity arising from the work done on a research project funded in whole or in part by the CPU. The English version shall prevail whenever there is any discrepancy between the English and Chinese versions. 此研究報告已上載至中央政策組(中策組)網站，供公眾查閱。報告內所表達的意見純屬本 項目研究團隊的意見，並不代表中策組及／或評審委員會的意見。中策組及／或評審委員會不保 證報告所載的資料準確無誤。 請遵守公共政策研究資助計劃申請須知內關於「知識產權及項目數據的使用」的規定。 接受中策組全數或部分資助的研究項目如因研究工作須出版任何刊物／作任何宣傳，均 須在其中加入適當鳴謝，註明獲中策組資助。 中英文版本如有任何歧異，概以英文版本為準。 Hong Kong Immigrants in Shenzhen: Facts and Challenges 香港人在深圳：現狀與挑戰 (2014.A7.007.14C) Final Report The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology March 2016 i Acknowledgement The research received support from the Public Policy Research Funding Scheme of the HKSAR Central Policy Unit (2014.A7.007.14C, HKUST ref: PPR14HS07). We thank the Shenzhen Municipal Bureau of Statistics and National Bureau of Statistics for assistance in data access and analysis, and Mr. JIANG Niantao (姜念濤), ZENG Donglin (曾東林), PhD student and Dr. LI Jun (李駿) for research assistance. ii “Hong Kong Immigrants in Shenzhen: Facts and Challenges” Project Team Principal WU Xiaogang (吳曉剛), Investigator Professor, Division of Social Science, Director, Center for Applied Social and Economic Research For more information, please contact: (852) 23585875, or [email protected] iii Table of Contents (Abstract) ..................................................................................................................... vii 摘要............................................................................................................................ viii I. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 II. Data Sources for Empirical Analyses ........................................................................ 5 III. Hong Kong Immigrants in Shenzhen: An Overview ............................................. 13 IV. Family Life and Living Conditions of Hong Kong Immigrants in Shenzhen ........ 18 V. The Twin-City Life of Hong Kong Immigrants in Shenzhen .................................. 30 VI. Hong Kong Immigrants in the Labor Force .......................................................... 35 VII. Summary, Conclusions, and Policy Implications for Hong Kong ....................... 43 Appendix ...................................................................................................................... 50 iv List of Tables Table 1. Relevant Data Sets on Hong Kong Immigrants in Shenzhen ........................ 12 Table 2. Demographic Profiles of Hong Kong Immigrants in Shenzhen (2010) ......... 15 Table 3. Relationship of Other Household Members with Household Head as the Hong Kong Resident, 2008 .......................................................................................... 21 Table 4. Duration of Staying in Shenzhen among Hong Kong Residents ................... 24 Table 5. Reason for Staying in Shenzhen .................................................................... 24 Table 6. Tenure and Floor Area of Accommodation Per Capita of Hong Kong Immigrant Household in Shenzhen (2008) .................................................................. 26 Table 7. Housing Expense and Living Cost of Household of Hong Kong Residents in Shenzhen (2008) .......................................................................................................... 27 Table 8. Frequency of Returning to Hong Kong in the Past Six Months (2008) ......... 31 Table 9. Main Reasons of Returning to Hong Kong (2008) ........................................ 32 Table 10. Location of Schooling for Hong Kong Children and Adolescents Living in Shenzhen (2008) .......................................................................................................... 34 Table 11. Intention of Studying in Hong Kong in the Future for Hong Kong Children and Adolescents Living in Shenzhen (2008) ............................................................... 34 Table 12. Industries of Working HK Immigrants and Shenzhen Residents (China Population Census, 2010) ............................................................................................ 43 v List of Figures Figure 1. Hong Kong Residents in Mainland China and Macao ................................. 14 Figure 2. Age Distribution of Hong Kong Residents in Shenzhen, Shenzhen Population, Hong Kong Population, and Hong Kong Residents in China .................. 17 Figure 3. Age Distribution of Hong Kong Immigrants in Shenzhen, 2008 Survey and 2010 Census ................................................................................................................. 17 Figure 4. Population Pyramid of Hong Kong Immigrants in Shenzhen Based on2010 Census and 2008 Survey ............................................................................................ 18 Figure 5. Household Size of Shenzhen Population, Hong Kong Immigrants in Shenzhen and Hong Kong Population ......................................................................... 20 Figure 6. Percentage of Spouse/Children Having Hong Kong ID (2008) ................... 22 Figure 7a. Spatial Distribution of Hong Kong Immigrants in Shenzhen, 2008 ........... 28 Figure 7b. Spatial Distribution of Hong Kong Immigrants in Shenzhen, 2010 .......... 28 Figure 8a. Spatial Distribution of Hong Kong Immigrants in Shenzhen (0-14 Years Old), 2010 .................................................................................................................... 29 Figure 8b. Spatial Distribution of Hong Kong Immigrants in Shenzhen (15-64 Years Old), 2010 .................................................................................................................... 29 Figure 9. Proportion of Hong Kong Residents in Shenzhen Who are Employed (Age 15-59), in Comparison to Two Other Reference Groups ............................................. 36 Figure 10. Educational Attainment of Hong Kong Immigrants in Shenzhen, Shenzhen Residents and Hong Kong Residents ........................................................................... 38 Figure 11. Trends of Hong Kong Residents Who Worked in Mainland China during the Past 12 Months Prior to the Survey Time………..…………………………………………………….38 Figure 12a. Occupations of Working-age HK Immigrants (2008) in Shenzhen and Residents in Hong Kong (2011) ................................................................................... 40 Figure 12b. Occupations of Working-age HK Immigrants (2010) in Shenzhen and Residents in Shenzhen (2010) ...................................................................................... 40 Figure 13. Industries of Working-age HK Immigrants in Shenzhen (2008) and Residents in Hong Kong (2011) ................................................................................... 42 vi Hong Kong Immigrants in Shenzhen: Facts and Challenges (Abstract) This report analyzes the data from a household survey conducted in 2008 and the 2010 population census of Shenzhen, as well as the 2011 population census of Hong Kong, to document the profiles of Hong Kong immigrants in Shenzhen at both the household level and the individual level, and examine the problems they encountered and the challenges they faced in their twin-city work and life. The data show that most Hong Kong immigrants live in nuclear families in the areas bordering Hong Kong, with the fathers/husbands as the main bread earners in Hong Kong. One-fifth of these immigrants are under age 15, and many of whom are cross-border children attending schools in Hong Kong. While Hong Kong immigrants generally enjoy higher socioeconomic status than Shenzhen residents, heterogeneity is also observed within the group, mainly due to differentials in educational and occupational attainment, leading to disparities in household income. While these immigrants have settled down with their families in Shenzhen as regular residents, they often travel back to Hong Kong for different reasons, thus leading to a “twin-city” life. The findings of this report will aid the coordination of education, medical and other public services between the two cities and facilitate economic and social integration. vii 香港人在深圳：現狀與挑戰 摘要 本報告結合 2008 年一項關於居深香港人的抽樣調查資料和 2010 年第六次人口 普查境外人口數據，結合深圳市 2010 年與香港特別行政區 2011 年的人口普查 資料，在住戶和個人兩個層次上綜合、系統分析了居深港人這個特殊社會群體 的基本情况及其 “雙城生活” 面臨的種種問題。我們的研究發現，居深港人基 本上是居住在深港邊境口岸附近的 2-3 人核心家庭的成員：家庭的經濟支柱是 主要在香港工作的丈夫／父親；妻子／母親大部分不工作、或者即使工作也多 在深圳本地工作；而 0-14 歲的未成年人佔這個群體的五分之一，不少還是在香 港上學的 “跨境學童”。他們的經濟社會地位體現出與深圳居民相比總體情况較 好、但內部也有較大差異的特點。就業人口的教育和職業分化直接導致了他們 的收入分化，進而導致家庭收入的分化。他們多屬深圳的常住人口，表現為在