Hellenistic Moldmade Bowls: Tracking the Connection Between Wares and Motifs Master’s Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Brandeis University Graduate Program in Ancient Greek and Roman Studies Dr. Andrew Koh, Advisor In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Ancient Greek and Roman Studies by Remy Jones February 2018 Copyright by Remy Jones © 2018 ABSTRACT Hellenistic Moldmade Bowls: Tracking the Connection Between Wares and Motifs A thesis presented to the Graduate Program in Ancient Greek and Roman Studies Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Brandeis University Waltham, Massachusetts By Remy Jones This thesis addresses several questions: what wares were Hellenistic Moldmade bowls produced? What motifs are displayed on Hellenistic Moldmade bowls? How do the motifs and wares connect? Original methodology and close analysis of previously published site reports provides a framework for examining a connection between wares and motifs. This thesis will use eleven different site reports, spanning from Italy up to Bulgaria and across to Israel by which the Hellenistic Moldmade Bowls fit into an archaeological methodology. Previous scholarly work on the of origins and trade connections of Hellenistic Moldmade bowls have fallen short in discovering a link in wares and motifs to production centers for several reasons. One reason for this shortcoming, is due to the fact that ‘scholars,’ have yet to employ a methodology of establishing a connection between wares and motifs, and using that connection to promote an attribution to a workshop or production center. Another area of weakness arises when ‘scholars,’ attribute motifs to a workshop based solely on motifs, as well iii as attribute molds to a workshop based solely on the molds. The standardization of wares and motifs alongside tracking the connections between these two things are instrumental in understanding the possible production centers and trade connections interactions with each site analyzed. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE. ................................................................................................................................ I COPYRIGHT PAGE ................................................................................................................... II ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................. III TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................... IV LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ V LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................... VI CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................1 CHAPTER 2: HISTORY REFRESHER .....................................................................................8 CHAPTER 3. THE HISTORY OF HELLENISTIC MOLDMADE BOWLS .......................11 3.1 BACKGROUND OF HELLENISTIC MOLDMADE BOWLS...............................................................11 3.2 CHRONOLOGY AND TYPOLOGY OF HELLENISTIC MOLDMADE BOWLS .....................................19 CHAPTER 4: CREATION AND CONSTRUCTION OF HELLENISTIC MOLDMADE BOWLS .........................................................................................................................................31 4.1 CREATION OF MOLDS OF HELLENISTIC MOLDMADE BOWLS ..................................................31 4.2 CREATION OF STAMPS AND RELIEF OF HELLENISTIC MOLDMADE BOWLS ...............................33 CHAPTER 5. HELLENISTIC MOLDMADE BOWLS: WARES AND MOTIFS ...............36 5.1 BACKGROUND TO BLACK SLIP PREDECESSOR ........................................................................36 5.1.1 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BLACK SLIP PREDECESSOR ....................................................38 5.1.2 PUBLICATION DEFINITION OF BLACK SLIP PREDECESSOR ....................................................39 5.2 EASTERN SIGILLATA A..................................................................................................42 5.2.1 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF EASTERN SIGILLATA A ...........................................................44 5.2.2 HISTORY AND TRADE OF EASTERN SIGILLATA A .................................................................44 5.2.3 PUBLICATION DEFINITION OF EASTERN SIGILLATA A ...........................................................48 5.3 RED-ORANGE SANDY WARE ...........................................................................................53 5.3.2 PUBLICATION DEFINITION OF RED-ORANGE SANDY WARE ...................................................55 5.4 GRAY WARE .................................................................................................................58 5.4.1 PUBLICATION DEFINITION OF GRAY WARE...........................................................................60 5.5 ATTIC WARE ..................................................................................................................63 5.5.1 PUBLICATION DEFINITION OF ATTIC WARE ..........................................................................64 CHAPTER 6. CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................82 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................................85 APPENDIX A ...............................................................................................................................88 APPENDIX B ..............................................................................................................................99 APPENDIX C .............................................................................................................................100 APPENDIX D .............................................................................................................................102 v LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES AND THE EXISTENCE OF THE BOWLS AT THE SITE .......................................................................................................................................5 TABLE 2: BLACK SLIP PREDECESSOR WARE AND MOTIFS ......................................41 TABLE 3: EASTERN SIGILLATA A WARE AND MOTIFS ...............................................50 TABLE 4: RED-ORANGE SANDY WARE AND MOTIFS ...................................................57 TABLE 5: GRAY WARE AND MOTIFS .................................................................................62 TABLE 6: ATTIC WARE AND MOTIFS ................................................................................66 TABLE 7: EASTERN SIGILLATA A AND BLACK SLIP PREDECESSOR WARE AND MOTIFS ......................................................................................................................................102 vi LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1: MAP OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES USED FOR RESEARCH ..........4 FIGURE 2: TWO- HORSE CHARIOT MOTIF ATHENIAN HELLENISTIC MOLDMADE BOWLS .................................................................................................................6 FIGURE 3: TWO-HORSE CHARIOT MOTIF ATHENIAN HELLENISTIC MOLDMADE MOLD ...................................................................................................................6 FIGURE 4: TWO- HORSE CHARIOT MOTIF ATHENIAN HELLENISTIC MOLDMADE BOWLS .................................................................................................................7 FIGURE 5: TWO- HORSE CHARIOT MOTIF ATHENIAN HELLENISTIC MOLDMADE BOWLS .................................................................................................................7 FIGURE 6: SILVER BOWL FROM TOUKH-EL-QARMOUS ............................................17 FIGURE 7: THE ROTHSCHILD GLASS BOWL FROM LE TRESOR DE TARANTE ..17 FIGURE 8: ATHENIAN HELLENISTIC MOLDMADE BOWL .........................................18 FIGURE 9: NYMPHAEA LOTUS MOTIF ATHENIAN HELLENISTIC MOLDMADE BOWL ...........................................................................................................................................18 FIGURE 10: NYMPHAEA LOTUS MOTIF ATHENIAN HELLENISTIC MOLDMADE BOWL ...........................................................................................................................................18 FIGURE 11: NYMPHAEA CAERULEA MOTIF ATHENIAN HELLENISTIC MOLDMADE BOWL .................................................................................................................19 FIGURE 12: NYMPHAEA NELUMBO MOTIF ATHENIAN HELLENISTIC MOLDMADE BOWL .................................................................................................................19 FIGURE 13: LEAF AND TENDRIL MOTIF CORINTHIAN HELLENISTIC MOLDMADE BOWL .................................................................................................................22 FIGURE 14: IMBRICATE MOTIF CORINTHIAN HELLENISTIC MOLDMADE BOWL ...........................................................................................................................................22 FIGURE 15: SMALL, VEINED, POINTEDM MOTIF CORINTHIAN HELLENISTIC MOLDMADE BOWL .................................................................................................................22