Edited by by Edited FRONTIERS IN IN FRONTIERS FRONTIERS IN Staphylococcus aureus Shymaa Enany Enany Shymaa Staphylococcus aureus Editor, Dr. Shymaa Enany is an assistant professor of Microbi- aureus Staphylococcus ology and Immunology at the Suez Canal University, Egypt. She received her PhD degree from the School of Medical and Dental Edited by Shymaa Enany Sciences, Niigata University, Japan. Her dissertation focused on the molecular characterization of community-acquired methi- and and Laura E. Crotty Alexander cillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA), the leading Laura E. Crotty Alexander cause of many life-threatening illnesses. For her postdoctoral work, she collabo- rated with many laboratories in San Diego, California, USA, and in Niigata, Japan, analyzing the proteome of Staphylococcus aureus and monitoring the reactions of innate immunity and airway cytokines in response to MRSA infections. Editor, Dr. Laura E. Crotty Alexander is a Pulmonary Critical Care physician at the University of California, San Diego, and VA San Diego Healthcare System. As a biomedical basic science researcher, she studies host-pathogen interactions at molecular, cellular, organ, and organism levels and recently defined pro-vir- ulent effects of inhalants such as cigarette smoke and e-ciga- rette vapor on Staphylococcal virulence. Dr. Crotty Alexander’s clinical interests include bacterial pneumonia and sepsis, e-cigarette effects on innate immunity, and moderate-to-severe asthma. Staphylococcus was first recognized as a human pathogen in 1880 and was named for its grape cluster–like appearance. In 1884, Staphylococcus aureus was iden- tified and named for its vibrant golden color, which was later found to be the result of golden toxin production. Here, experts examine in-depth patterns of S. aureus colonization and exposures in humans, mammals, and birds that have led to the development of various clinical diseases. The mode of transmission of S. aureus and different methods for its detection in different samples are defined. Conventional antibiotic options to treat this aggressive, multifaceted, and readily adaptable pathogen are becoming limited. Alternative, novel chemotherapeutics to target S. aureus are discussed in the pages within, including herbal medicines, bee products, and modes of delivery. ISBN 978-953-51-2981-3 © iStock / royaltystockphoto / royaltystockphoto © iStock INTECHOPEN.COM FRONTIERS IN Staphylococcus aureus Edited by Shymaa Enany and Laura E. Crotty Alexander Frontiers in Staphylococcus aureus http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/63039 Edited by Shymaa Enany and Laura E. Crotty Alexander Contributors Irma Isnafia Arief, Kotaro Suzuki, Kidon Sung, Jungwhan Chon, Saeed Khan, Szweda Piotr, Barbara Kot, Jaime López- Cervantes, Andres Chavez Almanza, Ernesto Uriel Cantú-Soto, Chi Zhang, Xiaoxiao Wu, Dima Youssef, Kate Molony, Shymaa Enany, Laura Elise Crotty Alexander, Elisa McEachern, Juan José Valdez-Alarcón, Claudia Ibeth Barrera-Rivas, Norma Anahí Valle-Hurtado, Graciela M. González-Lugo, Víctor Manuel Baizabal-Aguirre, Alejandro Bravo-Patiño, Marcos Cajero-Juárez, Arumugam Gnanamani, Periasamy Hariharan, Maneesh Paul-Satyaseela Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia © The Editor(s) and the Author(s) 2017 The moral rights of the editor(s) and the author(s) have been asserted. All rights to the book as a whole are reserved by InTech. The book as a whole (compilation) cannot be reproduced, distributed or used for commercial or non-commercial purposes without InTech's written permission. 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The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Martina Usljebrka Technical Editor SPi Global Cover InTech Design team First published February, 2017 Printed in Croatia Legal deposit, Croatia: National and University Library in Zagreb Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected] Frontiers in Staphylococcus aureus, Edited by Shymaa Enany and Laura E. Crotty Alexander p. cm. 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Contact [email protected] Numbers displayed above are based on data collected at the time of publication, for latest information visit www.intechopen.com Contents Preface VII Section 1 Staphylococcus aureus Overview 1 Chapter 1 Staphylococcus aureus: Overview of Bacteriology, Clinical Diseases, Epidemiology, Antibiotic Resistance and Therapeutic Approach 3 Arumugam Gnanamani, Periasamy Hariharan and Maneesh Paul- Satyaseela Section 2 Transmission of Staphylococcus aureus 29 Chapter 2 Role of Nasal Staphylococcus aureus Carriage in Transmission Among Contact Athletes 31 Kotaro Suzuki Chapter 3 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Food- Producing and Companion Animals and Food Products 47 Jungwhan Chon, Kidon Sung and Saeed Khan Section 3 Staphylococcus aureus Clinically 103 Chapter 4 Effects of Electronic (e)-Cigarette Vapor on Staphylococcal Virulence: Are E-Cigarettes Safer than Conventional Cigarettes? 105 Laura E. Crotty Alexander, Shymaa Enany and Elisa McEachern Chapter 5 Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia in Adults 117 Dima Youssef and Kate Molony VI Contents Section 4 Detection of Staphylococcus aureus 133 Chapter 6 Determination of Staphylococcal Phenol-Soluble Modulins (PSMs) by a High-Resolution HPLC-QTOF System 135 Xiaoxiao Wu and Chi Zhang Chapter 7 PCR Assay for Detection of Staphylococcus aureus in Fresh Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) 145 Andrés F. Chávez‐Almanza, Jaime López‐Cervantes, Ernesto U. Cantú‐Soto, Dalia I. Sánchez‐Machado and Olga N. Campas‐Baypoli Section 5 Prevention and Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus 165 Chapter 8 Prevention of Staphylococcus aureus Contamination on Animal Products Using Indonesian Natural Products 167 Irma Isnafia Arief Chapter 9 Bacteriophage Therapy: An Alternative for the Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus Infections in Animals and Animal Models 179 Claudia I. Barrera-Rivas, Norma A. Valle-Hurtado, Graciela M. González-Lugo, Víctor M. Baizabal-Aguirre, Alejandro Bravo-Patiño, Marcos Cajero-Juárez and Juan J. Valdez-Alarcón Chapter 10 Bee Products and Essential Oils as Alternative Agents for Treatment of Infections Caused by S. aureus 203 Piotr Szweda and Barbara Kot Preface Staphylococcus aureus is a beautiful golden bacterium that haunts epithelial surfaces of the human body, patiently awaiting the opportunity to invade and infect even the healthiest individuals. What makes it successful as a human pathogen? How has it developed antibiot‐ ic resistance so rapidly? And, how has it been able to spread across the world so swiftly? Here, multiple experts examine this golden toxin-producing Gram-positive organism and provide insight into what genotypic and phenotypic shifts have occurred in S. aureus over the past 100 years to make it the superbug it is today. There were several underlying reasons why we wrote this book. Firstly, rates of significant S. aureus clinical infections have continued to climb. Secondly, defining various modes of S. aureus transmission may lead to improved prevention and increased recognition of S. aureus infections. Thirdly, the need for discovering new ways to rapidly detect this aggressive or‐ ganism has become an urgent issue. Through the chapters within, the authors examine patterns of colonization and exposures in humans, mammals, and birds that have led to the development of antibiotic resistance, in‐ cluding methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Alternative, novel chemotherapeutics to tar‐ get S. aureus are discussed, including herbal medicines, bee products, and modes of delivery, as conventional antibiotic options to treat this aggressive, multifaceted, and readily adaptable pathogen are becoming limited. This book is an excellent starting point for any‐ one who wants or needs to study S. aureus. Most of the chapters are oriented toward the detection and prevention of S. aureus and research for unconventional treatment of patients infected with these bacteria, and importantly, we include several review chapters to allow scientists and