STABILIZING PAKISTAN THROUGH POLICE REFORM HASSAN ABBAS, EDITOR Recently Released Asia Society Reports Advancing Myanmar’s Transition: A Way Forward for U.S. Policy Central Asia’s Crisis of Governance Pakistan 2020: A Vision for Building a Better Future An American Open Door? Maximizing the Benefits of Chinese Foreign Direct Investment Never an Empty Bowl: Sustaining Food Security in Asia Preparing Asians and Americans for a Shared Future Asia Society is the leading global and pan-Asian organization working to strengthen relationships and promote understanding among the people, leaders, and institutions of Asia and the United States. We seek to increase knowledge and enhance dialogue, encourage creative expression, and generate new ideas across the fields of policy, business, education, arts and culture. Founded in 1956, Asia Society is a nonpartisan, nonprofit educational institution with offices in Hong Kong, Houston, Los Angeles, Manila, Melbourne, Mumbai, New York, San Francisco, Seoul, Shanghai, and Washington D.C. For more information, visit AsiaSociety.org/PakistanPoliceReform A REPORT BY THE ASIA SOCIETY INDEPENDENT COMMISSION ON PAKISTAN POLICE REFORM STABILIZING PAKISTAN THROUGH POLICE REFORM HASSAN ABBAS, EDITOR July 2012 Asia Society Report by the Independent Commission on Pakistan Police Reform AsiaSociety.org/PakistanPoliceReform © 2012 The Asia Society. All rights reserved. For electronic copies of this report, please visit www.asiasociety.org/policy/publications Asia Society 725 Park Avenue New York, NY 10021 Phone: 212-288-6400 Fax: 212-327-1422 Email: [email protected] www.asiasociety.org Independent Commission on Pakistan Police Reform Project Director Hassan Abbas, Senior Advisor, Asia Society; Professor, College of International Security Affairs, National Defense University Project Manager Johan Kharabi, Senior Program Officer, Global Policy Programs, Asia Society Members Iftikhar Ahmed, Former Inspector General of Police, Islamabad Aitzaz Ahsan, Member, Senate of Pakistan; Former Interior Minister of Pakistan; Former President of Pakistan’s Supreme Court Bar Association Arif Alikhan, Former Distinguished Professor of Homeland Security and Counterterrorism, National Defense University; Former Assistant Secretary for Policy Development, U.S. Department of Homeland Security Hasan Asad Alvi, Chief Security Officer, Secretariat of the Prime Minister of Pakistan Mohib Asad, Former Director General, Federal Investigation Agency (FIA) Brig. Shafqat Asghar, Officer in the Pakistani Army; Visiting faculty member at the College of International Security Affairs, National Defense University Andrew Carpenter, Chief, Strategic Policy and Development Section, Police Division, Office of Rule of Law and Security Institutions, Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO), United Nations Zulfiqar Hameed, Assistant Inspector General of Police, Punjab Syed Ejaz Hussain, Deputy Inspector General of Police, Punjab Tahira Khan, Scholar of South Asian studies Tariq Khosa, Advisor on Rule of Law and Criminal Justice, United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime (UNODC); Former Inspector General of Police, Balochistan Roger B. Myerson, Glen A. Lloyd Distinguished Service Professor of Economics, University of Chicago Tariq Parvez, Former Director General, Federal Investigation Authority (FIA); Former National Coordinator, National Counter Terrorism Authority (NACTA) Muhammad Amir Rana, Director, Pak Institute for Peace Studies (PIPS) Afzal Ali Shigri, Former Inspector General of Police, Sindh; Former Director General, National Police Bureau Shoaib Suddle, Federal Tax Ombudsman of Pakistan; Former Inspector General of Police, Sindh Muhammad Tahir, Former Senior Superintendent of Police, Peshawar; Hubert H. Humphrey Fellow, University of Minnesota Sohail Habib Tajik, Former Senior Superintendent of Police, Rahim Yar Khan (Punjab) Sheikh Muhammad Umar, Counselor, Community Affairs, Embassy of Pakistan; Former Senior Superintendent of Police, Sindh Contributing Writers Ahmed Ali Aafani, Assistant Director, Federal Investigation Agency (FIA) Humayun Tarar, Member of Pakistan’s police force; Hubert H. Humphrey Fellow, Maxwell School, Syracuse University Zamir Haider, Journalist, Dunya News Project Researchers Nida Naqvi (Report Co-Editor) Siraj Ahmed Dania Khan Yasser Kureshi Humaira Masihuddin Contents INDEPENDENT COMMISSION ON PAKISTAN POLICE REFORM ............... 3 FOREWORD .................................................... 8 Suzanne DiMaggio PREFACE ..................................................... 10 Is Political Will Necessary for Police Reform? Aitzaz Ahsan EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND REPORT FINDINGS ......................... 12 Hassan Abbas INTRODUCTION ................................................. 18 Hassan Abbas SECTION I: PROBLEMS, CHALLENGES, AND PROSPECTS FOR CHANGE The Criminal Justice System ........................................ 19 Mohib Asad Police Corruption and Accountability .................................. 24 Afzal Ali Shigri Agenda for Reform ............................................... 29 Tariq Khosa Obstacles to Reform .............................................. 36 Shoaib Suddle Leading Change in Police Organizations ..................................41 Humayun Tarar SECTION II: TERRORISM Myths about Terrorism in Pakistan .................................... 43 Syed Ejaz Hussain Antiterrorism Law ................................................ 49 Zulfiqar Hameed De-Radicalization and the Role of the Police.............................. 57 Muhammad Amir Rana The National Counter Terrorism Authority................................ 62 Tariq Parvez SECTION III: CRITICAL AREAS FOR REFORM Training and Curriculum ............................................ 68 Humaira Masihuddin Technology and Law Enforcement .................................... 73 Sohail Habib Tajik Creating a Secret Service and Reforming the Intelligence Bureau ............... 78 Hassan Abbas Army-Police Cooperation ........................................... 81 Brig. Shafqat Asghar Policing and Women’s Rights ....................................... 86 Tahira Khan Police Image and the Media ......................................... 92 Zamir Haider SECTION IV: THE PAKISTANI EXPERIENCE The National Highways and Motorway Police ............................ 94 Muhammad Tahir The Federal Investigation Agency ..................................... 99 Iftikhar Ahmed Police and Counterterrorism in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa .......................104 Hasan Asad Alvi Police Reform in Balochistan ........................................113 Siraj Ahmed Perspectives on Police Reforms in Gilgit-Baltistan .........................120 Ahmed Ali Aafani SECTION V: LESSONS FROM THE INTERNATIONAL ARENA AND PRIVATE SECTOR The U.S. Model ..................................................122 Arif Alikhan Lessons from South Asia ...........................................127 Hassan Abbas & Yasser Kureshi Models for Reform: Indonesia and Turkey................................133 Nida Naqvi Pakistan’s Police Peacekeeping Dividend ................................139 Andrew Carpenter The Role of the Private Sector and NGOs ................................143 Dania Khan Map of Pakistan .................................................147 Biographies of Independent Commission on Pakistan Police Reform Members ......148 Foreword n the coming years, Pakistan will continue to face a range of challenges stemming from both internal Iand external factors. In addition to the transnational and regional threats of terrorism, Pakistan is also experiencing domestic security challenges posed by rising religious extremism and militancy, kidnappings, organized crime, insurgencies, and political assassinations. Increasingly fragile internal security and law enforcement systems will likely pose grave difficulties for the country. In light of the trends of increasing insecurity and instability, how the police and other law enforcement bodies are structured and how they coordinate efforts to combat security threats deserve greater attention. Despite frequent internal crises in Pakistan since the country was established in 1947—ranging from ethnic and sectarian conflicts to chronic political instability and underdevelopment—policy makers have neglected to prioritize police reform. High crime rates throughout the country, relatively low convic- tion rates of prisoners on trial, and heightened concerns about instability spilling over from Afghanistan indicate that there is an urgent and critical need to invest in and reform Pakistan’s law enforcement infrastructure. Against this backdrop, Asia Society convened an Independent Commission on Pakistan Police Reform composed of leading experts in Pakistan and the United States and under the direction of Dr. Hassan Abbas to think through ways to strengthen security sector reform efforts. The Commission’s culminating report, Stabilizing Pakistan through Police Reform, draws on extensive interviews conducted throughout Pakistan with experienced police officials, security analysts, and legal experts, in addition to essays con- tributed by experts in the field, to provide a much-needed framework for police and law enforcement reform throughout the country. Each chapter focuses on an area that is in need of reform and presents a set of policy recommendations aimed at developing systematic strategies to counter extremism, ter- rorism, and crime. Taken together, the findings and recommendations are broadly supported by the Commission. This effort