2042 SYBA GEOGRAPHY PAPER - II GEOGRAPHYOFINDIAWITH SPECIALREFERENCE TO MAHARASHTRA © UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI Dr. Sanjay Deshmukh Vice Chancellor, University of Mumbai Dr.AmbujaSalgaonkar Dr.DhaneswarHarichandan Incharge Director, Incharge Study Material Section, IDOL, University of Mumbai IDOL, University of Mumbai Programme Co-ordinator : Prof.Anil R. Bankar Asst. Prof. Cum Asst. Director, IDOL, University of Mumbai. Course Co-ordinator : Prof. Ajit Patil IDOL, University of Mumbai. Editor & Course Writer : Dr.Hemant M. Pednekar,Principal Dr. Mrs. Savitsmita Vilasrao Chawan Sonapant Dandekar College, Palghar Associate Professor, Dept. of Geography, University of Mumbai Course Writer : Dr.Moushumi Datta Prof. Bharti Unni Nagindas Khandwala College, HOD of Geography, Malad, Mumbai Sathye College, Vile Parle, Mumbai Prof. Prakash G.Shinde Dr. Rajaram B. Patil Ex-VP and Head, Joshi- Bedekar College Hod of Geography, Phondaghat College, Thane, Ex-Chairperson, BOS Geography, Sindhudurg, Member BOS Geography, University of Mumbai University of Mumbai Prof. Suresh Shetkar Dr. ShivaramA. Thakur HOD of Geography, HOD of Geography, Sindhudurg College, Nagindas Khandwala College, Chairman, BOS Geography, Malad, Mumbai University of Mumbai Dr. Bhimrao B. Sonule Prof. Dept. of Geography, University of Mumbai December 2016, S.Y.B.A. Geography Paper - II, Geography of India with Special Reference of Maharashtra Published by : Incharge Director Institute of Distance and Open Learning , University of Mumbai, Vidyanagari, Mumbai - 400 098. ipin Enterprises DTP composed by : AshwiniTantia Arts Jogani Industrial Estate, Unit No. 2, GuruGround Krupa Floor, Chawl, Sitaram M.C.Chagla Mill Marg, Compound, Bamanwada, VileJ.R. Parle Boricha (East), Mumbai Marg, Mumbai - 400 099. - 400 011 Printed by : CONTENTS Unit No. Title Page No. 1. Physiography, Drainage Basins & Mansoon of India 1 2. Soil and Forest of India 68 3. Agriculture, Fishery, Minerals & Power Resources of India 98 4. Industries, Transport and Communication and Trade 150 5. Maharashtra : Major Relief Features, Rivers & Climate 226 6. Maharashtra Soil and Natural Vegetation 263 7. Maharashtra Agriculture, Livestock, Fishing, Mineral & Power Resources 299 8. Maharashtra Industries : 339 9. Practicals 367 I Syllabus – SYBA Geography (Paper – II) Geography of India with Special Reference of Maharashtra Unit – 1 Origin and Physiography of the Peninsular India – The Himalayas – The Great Plains of India – The Coastal Plains, Drainage Pattern – River Basins of India – River Systems of the Himalayan Drainage – Main Rivers of Peninsular India Indian Monsoon- Seasons in India – Distribution of rainfall. Unit – 2 Soils – Characteristics of Soil – Classification and Distributions of Soils of India – Problems of Indian Soils – Methods of Soil Conservation. Natural Vegetation –Functions of forest, Classification and Distribution of forests- Problems of Indian Forestry – The National Forest Policy. Unit - 3 Agriculture: Land Utilization – Characteristics and Problems of Indian Agriculture- Cropping patterns- Livestock resources - White Revolution Fishing: Development and Distribution of fisheries- Blue Revolution- Problems and solutions related to fishing Mineral and power resources Unit – 4 Industries: Importance,www.nuance.com Factors affecting location of industries, Major industrial regions of India, Special Economic Zone Transport and Communication: Development, Distribution and problems Trade: Internal, International, Balance of trade UnitPDF– 5 Create! 4 Trial Major relief features of Maharashtra- Hill ranges, Plateaus, plains, Mountains Peaks Major Rivers of Maharashtra and their tributaries Climate of Maharashtra-Variation in temperature, Rainfall distribution, Rain shadow zone Unit – 6 Soils – Classification and Distributions of Soils of Maharashtra – Problems of soils in Maharashtra – Methods of Soil Conservation. II Natural Vegetation –Distribution of forests, wildlife sanctuaries and national parks in Maharashtra Problems related to forests in Maharashtra-Conservation of forest Unit – 7 Agriculture: Characteristics, Cropping patterns and Problems of Agriculture in Maharashtra Livestock resources in Maharashtra Fishing: Distribution of fisheries - Problems and solutions related to fishing Mineral and power resources in Maharashtra Unit – 8 Industries: Industrial regions of Maharashtra, Recent developments in Industrial sector Development of Transport and Communication in Maharashtra Mumbai Metropolitan region Unit – 9 Practical: Construction of Simple line graph, Multiple line graph and Band graph Map filling – India, Distribution maps: Choropleth map, Isopleths map, Dot map, Flow map, Map filling – Maharashtra www.nuance.com PDF Create! 4 Trial 1 1 PHYSIOGRAPHY, DRAINAGE BASINS AND MONSOON OF INDIA After going through this chapter you will be able to understand the following features. 1.1 Objectives 1.2 Introduction 1.3 Subject- Discussion 1.4 Theories behind the Origin of Himalayas 1.5 Physiography of Himalaya 1.6 Theories behind the Origin of the Deccan Plateau the Peninsular India 1.7 Physiography of the Deccan Plateau or the Peninsular India 1.8 Theories behind the Origin of The Great Plains of India 1.9 Physiography of The Great Plains of India 1.10 Theories behind the Origin of The coastal Plains of India 1.11 Physiography of The coastal Plains of India 1.12 Different types of drainage patterns 1.13 Himalayan and Peninsular Drainage basins of India 1.14 Monsoon of India 1.15 Summary www.nuance.com 1.16 Check your Progress/Exercise 1.17 Answers to the self learning questions. 1.18 Technical words and their meaning 1.19 Task 1.20PDFReferences forCreate! further study 4 Trial 1.1 OBJECTIVES By the end of this unit you will be able to – understand the origin and physiography of the mighty Himalayas know the origin and physiography of the Peninsular India understand the origin and physiography of the Great Plains of India 2 know the origin and physiography of the Coastal Plains of India Understand the basic drainage patterns like Dendritic, Annular, Trellis, Rectangular and others. Know the Drainage basins of the Himalayan Rivers in India and the river basins of the Peninsular India. Understand the origin Monsoon of India and different seasons along with rainfall distribution. 1.2. INTRODUCTION In this chapter we will discuss on the followings: 1. The mighty Himalayas and their associated young folded mountains. 2. The elevated Peninsular region 3. The Indo-Gangetic-Brahmaputra Plains 4. The Coastal Plains and Islands 5. Different drainage patterns. 6. Monsoon of India www.nuance.com PDF Create! 4 Trial Fig: India Political 3 1.3. SUBJECT DISCUSSION The Himalayas are considered as the body and soul of India because they have affected the life of Indian people since time immemorial. The Indo-Gangetic plain is the largest unit of the Great Plain of India covering an area of about 3.75 lakh sq km in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal. The Ganga along with its large number of tributaries, the Yamuna, the Gomati, the Ghaghara, the Gandak, the Kosi, etc. have brought large quantities of alluvium from the mountains and deposited it here to build this extensive plain. In social and economic terms, the Indo-Gangetic Plain is the most important region of India. Major Geological Formations of the Peninsular India was about 3600 million years ago. It is a large plateau; making up most of the southern part of the country. The north-western part of the plateau is made up of lava flows or igneous rocks known as the Deccan Traps. The rocks are spread over the whole of Maharashtra and parts of Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh. It is separated from the Gangetic plain to the north by the Satpura and Vindhya Ranges. To the east and west of the peninsular plateau, two narrow strips of plain lands are found, which are respectively called Eastern Coastal Plain and Western Coastal Plain. Eastern Coastal and Western Coastal Plain are formed by the erosional and depositional & activities of the Sea waves and from the sediments brought by the peninsular rivers. In this chapter we will also learn about different drainage patterns. Before that wewww.nuance.com must understand what drainage is. The term ‘drainage’, refers to the river system of an area. Small streams from different directions join to form a river. The river ultimately empties itself into a larger water body i.e. a lake, a sea or an ocean. The area that a single river drains is the drainage basin ofPDF that river. Sometimes Create! two drainage basins 4 are separatedTrial by upland or a mountain/hill. Such upland or mountain is called water divide. World’s largest drainage basin is of the River Nile in Egypt in Africa. River Ganga has its largest drainage basin in India. We will also learn about the Himalayan as well as the Peninsular Rivers of India. Himalayan rivers are those which originate in the Himalayas and flow through the Northern Plains, e.g., the Ganga, the Yamuna, the Indus and their tributaries. These rivers are snow fed, perennial and useful for irrigation and navigation. The lowlands drained by them have fertile alluvial deposits. On the other hand, the Peninsular Rivers, except 4 Narmada and Tapti, originate in the Western Ghats , flow eastwards on the plateau and drains in to the Bay of Bengal. They have a large seasonal fluctuation in volume as they are solely rain- fed. These rivers flow in valleys with steep gradients. Major rivers of the Peninsula are Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, and Cauvery. The Narmada