Wednesday 22nd April and Wednesday 29th April. LO – I can find out about the history of the Mary Rose. I can share this knowledge by making E1T1 cards. HB 16.4.2020 What was the Mary Rose? The Mary Rose The ship was Henry’s favourite, and became the ‘flagship’ of the English fleet. The French fired their cannons a few times and suddenly.. the Mary Rose began to sink! … HB 16.4.2020 Henry the Vlll • The Mary Rose belonged to King Henry Vlll of England. • The ship was built in 1509. That is more than 500 years ago! • The Mary Rose was King Henry’s favourite warship. He spent a lot of money decorating her with flags and banners. She was going to be the King's flagship, and had to look the part. Henry named the ship after his sister Mary and the Tudor rose which was the emblem of the Tudors. An emblem is a symbol or a sign. The Rose was a symbol of the Tudors. While Henry was king he fought a war with King Francis l of France. The Mary Rose led all the ships into battle with France. During the Battle of the Solent in 1545. The Mary Rose capsized and sank in a few minutes while King Henry watched. Hundreds of crew members died. The Mary Rose South Sea Castle where Henry watched his beloved ship sink. The Mary Rose sank to the bottom of the sea on 19 July 1545. Almost the entire crew of around 400 sailors and soldiers died. Yet despite the massive loss of life, only one name for certain is known of the ill-fated crew: the Vice Admiral George Carew. HB 16.4.2020 There are lots of different stories about how the Mary Rose sank but nobody really knows what caused it. Some say that the crew shot form all the guns on one side of the ship. As they turned the ship to shoot form the other side a gust of wind made the ship capsize. The guns used on the Mary Rose Holes to shoot cannons from. D'Annebault, the French Admiral, ordered his galleys to advance upon the English ships during a sea battle. He believed that they had hit the Mary Rose. “It was ordered that at daybreak the galleys should advance upon the British whilst at anchor and, by firing at them with all fury, provoke them into engagement and then retreating endeavour to draw them out of their hold towards the main battle. This order was executed with a great deal of intrepidity and the weather favoured our attempt beyond our wishes for it was proven in the morning a perfect calm. Our galleys had all the advantages of working which we could desire to the great damage of the English who for want of wind not being able to stir laid exposed to our cannon and being so much higher and bulkier than our galleys hardly a shot missed them while they, with the help of their oars, shifted at pleasure, and thereby avoided the danger of the enemy's artillery. Fortune favoured our fleet in this manner for above an hour during which time among other damages the English received, the Mary Rose, one of their principal ships, was sunk by our cannon and of 5 or 600 men which were on board only 5 and 30 escaped.” HB 16.4.2020 The Mary Rose as depicted in the Anthony Roll. Although the number of guns and gun ports is not entirely accurate, the picture is overall an accurate illustration of the ship. Why did she sink? Here are some of the theories: • Her sinking was caused by a French hit – According to the French fleet, they hit her and she sank after they lured the English ships within range of their main fleet. • She heeled over in the wind and water entered her gun ports – Van der Delft, the Imperial ambassador, told of how she sank, drowning just under 500 men, and how he “was told by a Fleming among the survivors that when she heeled over with the wind the water entered by the lowest row of gun ports which had been left open after firing.” • Human Error – According to Sir Peter Carew, brother of the Vice Admiral of the Mary Rose, Sir George Carew, who died when the ship sank, his uncle Sir Gawain Carew had sailed past the Mary Rose as she began to heel and asked Sir George what was wrong. Sir George replied that “he had the sort of knaves whom he could not rule.” • The Mary Rose had become unseaworthy – Some people believe that modifications over the years had added to the weight of the ship and made her unseaworthy. HB 16.4.2020 “The French were not credited with sinking the Mary Rose because, by claiming instead the ship was toppled by wind and an incompetent crew, the navy’s supremacy was maintained, Henry VIII’s pride remained intact and the French were unable to claim the victory.” Dr. Dominic Fontana said the ship would have carried the best available crew, which bravely battled against the incoming water after the French blew a hole in the side. He said: “The Mary Rose was holed by French gunfire received from an advance party of fast, oar-powered galleys which were heavily armed. “She would have quickly taken quite a quantity of water into her hull before she maneuvered to bring a broadside of guns to bear on the attacking French galleys.” HB 16.4.2020 Let us consider all the aspects of why the Mary Rose sank? • King Henry V111 • The people/crew/Survivors • Artefacts found • Technology to save the Mary Rose • The museum • The stories about the sinking of the ship • Can you think of others? HB 16.4.2020 The Mary Rose Museum, which opened in 1984 In Portsmouth, is dedicated to the crew who lost their lives when the ship sank on July 19 1545. The faces of nine of the 415 crew members have been recreated by forensic and osto- archaeological experts as part of the displays on board... The Carpenter This is a reconstruction of the face of a man found on the orlop deck, immediately below the Master Carpenter’s cabin. A number of woodworking tools were next to him. Analysis of his remains shows that he was probably in his mid-to late 30s. He was just over 5 ft. 7 inches tall and was a strong, muscular man. His teeth, alas, were poor, with a build-up of tartar. An Abscess in his upper jaw meant he could only chew on the right side. He also had arthritis in his spine and ribs. He would have been stationed below deck during battle so that he could repair any damage to the ship immediately. HB 16.4.2020 Cook (named Ny Cop or Ny Coep) This is reconstruction based on the skeleton found closest to the galley. Graffiti found on a nearby bowl or tankard gave away his probably name. His ladle, comb, knives, shoes, spoon and coins displayed in the museum’s case were also found. The cook’s skeleton is virtually complete, showing a man in his 30s, about 5 ft. 6 inches tall, with heavy, strong bones. His ribs and backbone suggest he spent much of his life bent over during his duties feeding more than 400 men, as well as preparing more elaborate meals for officers, on the lowest level of the ship. The Master Gunner was 5 ft 7 inches tall, in his late 20s or early 30s. He had very bad teeth: 11 were missing before he died and most of those left were badly decayed, leaving abscesses in his jaws. His skeleton reveals that, although he had strong, muscular legs, his neck bones had degenerated and the base of his spine was compacted – possibly the result of years of hauling guns into position and lifting heavy gunpowder chambers, a task which took a team of four or six men. HB 16.4.2020 The Archer Taller than many of the crew and well-built with particularly strong legs, the archer was in his early 20s and about 5 ft. 10 inches tall. The middle of his spine is twisted – a feature often seen on skeletons found with archery equipment. One of his right finger bones has grooves on the inside, forming a ridge. This could have been made by repeatedly pulling a longbow string. The Purser A robust, strong and muscular man with good teeth and an old head wound which had healed, the purser was in his 30s and about 5 ft. 7 inches tall. The top of his leg bones and his hip joints are flat, so he must have walked with a rolling gait and would not have been able to straighten his back. With this physique, he could not have been an active member of the crew, again suggesting that he was the Purser. HB 16.4.2020 Stranger and Gentleman In his 20s and standing 5 ft 4 inches tall, this man was trapped behind a chest and, judging by his spine, may have been a gunner. He was used to lifting heavy objects, and the gun beside him was being reloaded as the ship sank. He also had features in his shoulder blades often found in archers, and a longbow and arrows were also found near his body. HB 16.4.2020 The bones of 'Hatch,' the ship's dog are pictured in a case at the new Mary Rose Museum HB 16.4.2020 • The ship had a crew of 415, comprising 185 soldiers, 200 sailors and 30 gunners.