University of Kentucky UKnowledge University of Kentucky Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2009 A PROTOCOL SUITE FOR WIRELESS PERSONAL AREA NETWORKS Karl E. Persson University of Kentucky, [email protected] Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Persson, Karl E., "A PROTOCOL SUITE FOR WIRELESS PERSONAL AREA NETWORKS" (2009). University of Kentucky Doctoral Dissertations. 698. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/698 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Kentucky Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION Karl E. Persson The Graduate School University of Kentucky 2009 A PROTOCOL SUITE FOR WIRELESS PERSONAL AREA NETWORKS ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Engineering at the University of Kentucky By Karl E. Persson Lexington, Kentucky Director: Dr. D. Manivannan, Associate Professor of Computer Science Lexington, Kentucky 2009 Copyright c Karl E. Persson 2009 ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION A PROTOCOL SUITE FOR WIRELESS PERSONAL AREA NETWORKS A Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) is an ad hoc network that consists of de- vices that surround an individual or an object. Bluetooth R technology is especially suitable for formation of WPANs due to the pervasiveness of devices with Bluetooth R chipsets, its operation in the unlicensed Industrial, Scientific, Medical (ISM) frequency band, and its interference resilience. Bluetooth R technology has great potential to become the de facto standard for communication between heterogeneous devices in WPANs. The piconet, which is the basic Bluetooth R networking unit, utilizes a Master/Slave (MS) configuration that permits only a single master and up to seven active slave devices. This structure limitation prevents Bluetooth R devices from directly participating in larger Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) and Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs). In order to build larger Bluetooth R topologies, called scatternets, individual piconets must be interconnected. Since each piconet has a unique frequency hopping sequence, piconet interconnections are done by allowing some nodes, called bridges, to participate in more than one piconet. These bridge nodes divide their time between piconets by switching between Frequency Hopping (FH) channels and synchronizing to the piconet's master. In this dissertation we address scatternet formation, routing, and security to make Bluetooth R scatternet communication feasible. We define criteria for efficient scatternet topologies, describe characteristics of different scatternet topology models as well as com- pare and contrast their properties, classify existing scatternet formation approaches based on the aforementioned models, and propose a distributed scatternet formation algorithm that efficiently forms a scatternet topology and is resilient to node failures. We propose a hybrid routing algorithm, using a bridge link agnostic approach, that provides on-demand discovery of destination devices by their address or by the services that devices provide to their peers, by extending the Service Discovery Protocol (SDP) to scatternets. We also propose a link level security scheme that provides secure communication between adjacent piconet masters, within what we call an Extended Scatternet Neighborhood (ESN). KEYWORDS: Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN), Bluetooth, Piconet, Scatternet Formation, Scatternet Routing Karl E. Persson A PROTOCOL SUITE FOR WIRELESS PERSONAL AREA NETWORKS By Karl E. Persson Director of Dissertation Dr. D. Manivannan Director of Graduate Studies Dr. Andrew Klapper RULES FOR THE USE OF DISSERTATIONS Unpublished dissertations submitted for the Doctor's degree and deposited in the University of Kentucky Library are as a rule open for inspection, but are to be used only with due regard to the rights of the authors. Bibliographical references may be noted, but quotations or summaries of parts may be published only with the permission of the author, and with the usual scholarly acknowledgments. Extensive copying or publication of the dissertation in whole or in part also requires the consent of the Dean of the Graduate School of the University of Kentucky. A library that borrows this dissertation for use by its patrons is expected to secure the sig- nature of each user. Name Date DISSERTATION Karl E. Persson The Graduate School University of Kentucky 2009 A PROTOCOL SUITE FOR WIRELESS PERSONAL AREA NETWORKS DISSERTATION A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Engineering at the University of Kentucky By Karl E. Persson Lexington, Kentucky Director: Dr. D. Manivannan, Associate Professor of Computer Science Lexington, Kentucky 2009 Copyright c Karl E. Persson 2009 DEDICATION This is dedicated to my parents, Hans Persson and Marianne Lindh-Persson, and to Katie for all their love and support. Without their encouragement and affection I would have never reached this milestone in my life. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my gratitute to my advisor Dr. D. Manivannan, who has supported me wholeheartedly throughout the entire process. His guidance and direction have been invaluable to me. I thank my committee members: Dr. Mukesh Singhal, Dr. Zongming Fei, and Dr. James E. Lumpp Jr., for their encouragement, support, and assistance. In addition, I would like to thank: my former lab colleague Dr. Jianchang Yang, for many interesting discussions and his assistance with the formatting of my dissertation; Dr. Judy Goldsmith of the University of Kentucky Department of Computer Science, for her encouragement and advice that I pursue a Ph.D.; Mr. Joseph E. Smith III of Leesburg, Virginia and formerly of IBM Corporation, for his encouragement and advice that I pursue an advanced degree in the first place; Dr. Patricia Whitlow, Assistant Dean of the University of Kentucky Graduate School, for her inspiration and organization of a dissertation writing workshop; and Mrs. Kathleen Carter, for editing my dissertation and providing many helpful comments and suggestions. I would also like to thank Dr. Jerzy W. Jaromczyk and Dr. Grzegorz W. Wasilkowski, both with the University of Kentucky Department of Computer Science, for their continu- ous support, encouragement, and positive impact during my entire academic career at the University. Last I would like to thank all my friends, fellow students, and faculty in the Department of Computer Science and throughout the University of Kentucky for their collective inspiration and assistance throughout the time I have spent at the University. iii Table of Contents Acknowledgments iii List of Tables vii List of Figures viii List of Files ix 1 Introduction1 1.1 Problems Addressed And Solved In This Dissertation.............2 1.2 Organization of the Dissertation.........................3 2 Preliminaries4 2.1 Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs)..................4 2.2 Bluetooth Technology...............................4 2.2.1 Overview.................................5 2.2.2 Technical Details.............................6 2.2.3 Piconets.................................. 10 2.2.4 Scatternets................................ 10 2.2.5 Evolution of the Bluetooth Specification................ 11 3 Bluetooth Scatternets: Criteria, Models and Classification 13 3.1 Introduction.................................... 13 3.2 Bluetooth Topology Fundamentals....................... 14 3.2.1 Piconets.................................. 14 3.2.2 Scatternet Formation Metrics and Constraints............. 16 3.2.3 Scatternet Models............................. 18 3.2.4 Link Formation.............................. 21 3.2.5 Intra Piconet Scheduling (IRPS)..................... 22 3.2.6 Inter Piconet Scheduling (IPS)...................... 24 3.2.7 Scatternet Routing............................ 26 3.3 Topologies Resulting from Scatternet Formation................ 27 3.3.1 Single-hop Topologies........................... 27 3.3.2 Multi-hop Topologies........................... 33 3.3.3 Optimized Topologies........................... 36 3.4 Summary..................................... 40 iv 4 A Fault-Tolerant Distributed Formation Protocol for Bluetooth Scatter- nets 41 4.1 Introduction.................................... 41 4.2 Related Work................................... 43 4.3 A Fault-Tolerant Distributed Scatternet Formation Algorithm........ 47 4.3.1 Preliminaries............................... 47 4.3.2 Device Discovery............................. 47 4.3.3 Basic Idea And Motivation........................ 49 4.3.4 Algorithm................................. 50 4.3.5 Fault Tolerance and Scatternet Maintenance.............. 56 4.4 Performance Evaluation............................. 58 4.4.1 Parameter Optimization......................... 59 4.4.2 Comparative Simulation Study..................... 64 4.5 Summary..................................... 68 5 Hybrid Bluetooth Scatternet Routing 70 5.1 Introduction.................................... 70 5.2 Related Work................................... 73 5.3 Routing Preliminaries............................... 75 5.3.1 Scatternets................................ 75 5.3.2 Extended Scatternet Neighborhood (ESN)..............