ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES ETHIOPIA’S ROLE IN SOMALIA’S PEACE-BUILDING SINCE 1991 BY MEAZA T/AREGAY BEYENE ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA APRIL, 2017 ETHIOPIA’S ROLE IN SOMALIA’S PEACE-BUILDING SINCE 1991 BY MEAZA T/AREGAY BEYENE A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES OF ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS SUPERVISOR DR. ASNAKE KEFALE ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA APRIL, 2017 ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ETHIOPIA’S ROLE IN SOMALIA’S PEACE-BUILDING SINCE 1991 BY MEAZA T/AREGAY BEYENE APPROVED BY BOARD OF EXAMINERS ___________________________ ____________ ADVISOR SIGNATURE ___________________________ ____________ INTERNAL EXAMINER SIGNATURE ___________________________ ___________ EXTERNAL EXAMINER SIGNATURE Acknowledgment Firstly, I praise Almighty God for giving me the courage to accomplish this study. Secondly, I would like to greatly thank my Supervisor Dr. Asnake Kefale who had given me feedback on my overall work. Thirdly, I would like to thank my husband Genene Shiferaw (Msc in solid state physics) who helped me in overall activities of my study. Fourthly, I would like to express gratitude to the whole families of Yemane Beyene particularly Firehiwot Yemane who had a great contribution for effective accomplishment of my Master’s Program. And finally, I said thanks so much to my families who helped me to reach on this rank. i Table of Contents Acknowledgment .................................................................................................................................... i Table of Contents ................................................................................................................................... ii Acronyms ............................................................................................................................................... v Abstract ................................................................................................................................................. vii CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Background of the Study ......................................................................................... 1 1.2. Statement of the Problem ......................................................................................... 3 1.3. Objective of the Research .......................................................................................... 5 1.3.1. General Objective ............................................................................................... 5 1.3.2. Specific Objectives ............................................................................................... 6 1.4. Research Questions ....................................................................................................... 6 1.5. Methodology .................................................................................................................... 6 1.5.1. Methods of Data Collection ................................................................................... 7 1.5.2. Methods of Data Analysis ................................................................................... 7 1.6. Scope of the Study ........................................................................................................ 7 1.7. Significance of the Study ............................................................................................ 8 1.8. Limitation of the Study ............................................................................................ 8 1.9. Organization of the Study ........................................................................................ 8 CHAPTER TWO: CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK OF PEACE-BUILDING AND MILITARY INTERVENTIONS ....................................................................................................... 10 2.1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 10 2.1.1. The Concept of Peace ................................................................................................. 11 2.1.1.1. Negative Peace ......................................................................................................... 11 2.1.1.2. Positive Peace ........................................................................................................... 12 2.1.2. Definition and Concepts of Peace-building .............................................................. 12 2.1.3. The Meaning of Peace-building ................................................................................. 13 2.1.3.1. How Peace-building is Maintained? ...................................................................... 14 2.1.4. Difference between Peace-building and State-building ........................................... 15 2.1.5. The Meaning of Peacekeeping ................................................................................... 16 2.1.6. The Meaning of Peace-making .................................................................................. 16 ii 2.1.7. Intervention, Peacekeeping, Peace-building and Peace-making ......................... 16 2.2. The Traditional Perceptions of Non-intervention ...................................................... 17 2.2.1. The Drawback of the Principle of Non-intervention ............................................... 18 2.2.2. The Causes for the Reaffirmation of the Principle of Non-intervention ............... 19 2.2.3. The Concept of Intervention ...................................................................................... 20 2.2.3.1. Justification of Intervention........................................................................... 21 2.3. Non-use of Force against Others ......................................................................................... 22 2.3.1. Economic Sanction ..................................................................................................... 24 2.4. Institutional uses of Force (article 42, UN Charter) ....................................................... 24 2.5. Military Intervention and Use of force ................................................................................ 25 2.6. Use of force against others ................................................................................................ 27 2.6.1. Use of force for Humanitarian Purposes .................................................................. 27 2.6.1.1. Political and Legal aspects of Humanitarian Intervention .............................. 28 2.6.2. Use of force for the Purpose of Self-Defense (article 51, UN Charter) .................. 29 2.6.2.1. Pre-emptive Self-defense ................................................................................. 31 2.6.3. Use of force against Terrorist act .............................................................................. 33 CHAPTER THREE: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF ETHIO-SOMALIA RELATIONS .................................................................................................................................... 36 3.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 36 3.2. Historical Background of Ethio-Somalia relations ......................................................... 37 3.2.1. Ethio-Somalis Relations under the Reign of Emperor Menelik ............. 38 3.2.2. Ethio-Somalis Relations under the Reign of Emperor Haileselassie .......... 40 3.2.2.1. Ethio-Somalia Relations after Independence of Somalia (1960-1974) ............................................................................................................................................ 46 3.2.3. Ethio-Somalia Relations under the Regime of Dergue (1974-1991) ....... 48 3.2.3.1. The War between Ethiopia and Somalia over the Land of Ogaden ................... 49 3.3. Ethio-Somalia Conflict on the Issue of Ogaden’s Self-determination................................ 52 3.3.1. Somalia’s Position towards Ogaden and its Self-determination .................................. 52 3.3.2. Ethiopia’s Position towards Ogaden and its Self-determination .................................. 53 CHAPTER FOUR: ETHIOPIA’S INTERVENTION IN SOMALIA ............................. 55 4.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 55 4.2. The Involvement of Ethiopia in Somalia since 1991 .............................................. 55 iii 4.2.1. The Effort of Ethiopia for Somalia’s Peace process ................................................ 56 4.2.2. Motivation of Ethiopia’s intervention in Somalia since 1991 ................................. 61 4.2.2.1. Political and Security Motives ............................................................................ 61 4.2.2.2. Economic Motives ...................................................................................................