Published by : International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) http://www.ijert.org ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 5 Issue 04, April-2016 Road Safety Audit on Karamana Kaliyikkavila Road (NH 66) P. V. Arundev B. K. Bindhu Bino I. Koshy PG Student Associate Professor Professor Department of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Kottayam, India Kottayam, India Kottayam, India Abstract— Originated in Great Britain, the procedure of road Kannelaidis [1] has conducted the study on the aspects of safety audit is now being spread in several countries around the Road Safety Audits and the role of an auditor in design and world. It can be incorporated in the framework of designing, implementation of highway projects in Road Safety. A study constructing, and operating road infrastructure as a means for was conducted about the human factors related to RSA preventing accidents. Karamana to Kaliyikkavila is one of the through a practical example and also the involvements in busiest road stretches of NH 66 in Thiruvananthapuram district of Kerala. The unsatisfactory condition of the road and increased RSAs like communication. Daksheshkumar [2] attempted to rates of accidents demanded widening of the stretch. The analyze the traffic safety situation Kapurai-Dboi section of construction activities being carried out there resulted in SH-11, Gujarat, India and to identify countermeasures for significant road safety issues. A Road Safety Audit was stretches in which the total harm caused by crashes can be conducted for 12 km in the Karamana - Kaliyikkavila road substantially and readily reduced. Guerrieri [3] has done study stretch and four black spots were identified. The major problems on cost benefit analysis of road safety measures and studied that challenge the safety aspect of the road were identified by a more about the road safety audit and conducted some case negative response survey and an expert opinion survey. It was studies on safety measures on an urban and a suburban road . found that lack of information regarding construction zone Katiyari conducted Road Safety Audit on Wardha road approaching, lack of warning signs, lack of adequate parking facilities, insufficient road width and pollution seemed to be from Morris College square to Airport intersection in Nagpur major problems in the road stretch under construction. For road city and developed a model for identification of safety stretch in pre-construction stage, edge drop, lack of proper influencing parameters in minimizing accident rate on selected drainage facilities, speed reduction measurements, road surface squares of roads [4]. Patel et. al studied the Road safety audit condition and insufficient road width are seemed to be the most of selected stretch from Umreth junction to Vasad junction important problems. On the basis of the results of Road Safety i.e., SH-83 and SH-188 which are one of the major state Audit, suitable rectification measures were also suggested, which highways in the state of Gujarat and identified the blackspots are needed to be implemented in other parts of the stretch where and suggested remedial measures [5]. Ashokbhai and Jain construction is yet to commence have done a study on development of an accidental model for Keywords— Accident analysis; accident data; blackspot; safety urban area [6]. Vigneshkumar and Vijay have done a study on audit road safety improvement in India and have analyzed the road design, vehicle design like speed of the vehicle, technical I. INTRODUCTION factors, vehicle size and capacity and also the Driver’s Road Safety Audit (RSA) is an evaluation of a highway behavior [7]. improvement scheme during design, at the end of construction RAS was conducted for 12 km stretch in four lane road and post-construction, to identify road safety problems and to from Karamana to Kaliyikkavila in NH 66 and the findings are suggest measures to eliminate or mitigate any concerns. Road reported in this paper. Safety Audits are undertaken by terms of specialists trained in the skills of collision investigation and/or Road Safety II. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS engineering. RSA is an important tool for road safety Karamana to Balaramapuram is the study section of the engineering, which has the potential to make a significant road stretch where the widening of existing two lane to four contribution to highway safety. lane in NH 47 is progressing. It is a 29 km stretch and the The RSA is the formal examination which starts in the construction work includes construction of a major bridge at planning stage of the road projects itself. The RSA can be Amaravila, minor bridges, cut and covers and cross drainage performed in different conditions such as preconstruction, structures. Fig.1 shows the study stretch of NH 66. during construction and post construction. In this thesis the RSA preconstruction and during the construction stage is performed. Several safety problems were identified by the accident analysis. The remedies were also suggested based on that. IJERTV5IS040501 321 (This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.) Published by : International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) http://www.ijert.org ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 5 Issue 04, April-2016 during the past five years. Out of these 163 accidents i.e., 69.77% accidents occurred during the day time. Fig 1. Study Stretch A. Accident Data Collection The accident data for the 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015 were collected. The accident data during and before Fig 3. Number of Accident Vs. Time Period the road construction are compared in the analysis. Thus, the efficiency of providing safety in the construction site can be C. Vehicles Involved in Accidents evaluated. The analysis comprises of accident analysis, traffic volume analysis and Road Safety Audit. Two wheelers and pedestrians were involved in most of the accidents. The average number of two wheelers involved in the accidents for last 5 years is 53.66%. For last two years it B. Variation of Accidents was increased by 10%. The average pedestrians involved The accident analysis was done based on annual accidents in last 5 years is 18.42%. For last 2 years the value variation, hourly variation, and vehicles involved in accidents. decreased by 12%. The number of accidents in each spots was identified. From that, four black spots were selected for the road safety audit. D. Black Spots By the accident analysis the number of accidents occurred at each black spots were identified. Table 1 shows the number of accidents occurred at the different black spots in different years and the average of the five year accidents. TABLE I: NO OF ACCIDENTS IN DIFFERENT BLACK SPOTS Total number of accidents Black spots Average 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 of 5 year accidents Kaimanam 9 5 16 16 9 11 Pappanamcode 11 14 8 14 27 14.8 Nemom 8 13 19 21 13 14.8 Fig 2. Number of Accidents Vs. Year Pravachambalam 9 14 23 15 25 17.2 Fig 2 shows the yearly variation of accidents in the study stretch. In 2010, the major and minor injuries were very less, but next year the rate of injuries was increased and reached at III. ROAD SAFETY AUDIT the peak and then it declined continuously. Reasons for the The road safety audit can be done during different stages fluctuation of the variation is identified as if traffic volume is of road construction such as planning, design and construction increased rigorously, speed of the vehicles will decrease and etc. [8]. IRC SP 88:2010 specified different checklist which hence number of accidents occurred will decrease. But should be followed at different stages of construction [9]. The widening of the existing two lane to four lane may increase the checklists are the questions related to road condition. The road speed and there may be a considerable increase in the safety audit on these black spot is executed with the help of accidents. This situation should be prevented and various these checklists of IRC SP 88:2010. precautions should be taken for this. The hourly variation of the accidents in the concerned A. Severity Prediction highway stretch is shown in Fig. 3. It is found that during There are lots of safety issues detected in each black spot 10.00 pm to 08.00 am the number of accidents occurred is while conducting the road safety audit. The severity prediction very less. Peak time periods of accident occurring are during for the each safety issue was a difficult task. For predicting the 10.00 am to 12.00 am and 04.00 pm to 10.00 pm. It is found severity, 15 questions were prepared related to road that total 240 accidents occurred at the selected black spots conditions. The severity of a safety issue is measured by answering the checklists.. These questions are answered in IJERTV5IS040501 322 (This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.) Published by : International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) http://www.ijert.org ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 5 Issue 04, April-2016 such a way that the positive response is expressed as ‘A’ and If the negative response of 15 questions of a severity issue is negative response as ‘B’. If the negative responses (B) are greater than ten, it is denoted as severity HIGH. If the more than 10 out of 15, it is termed as severity HIGH. If B lies response is in 5 – 9, and less than 5 is denoted as severity between 5 and 9, it is termed as severity MEDIUM. If B is less MEDIUM and LOW respectively which is listed in Table IV.