EDITOR Robert Danielson EDITORIAL BOARD Kenneth J. Collins Professor of Historical Theology and Wesley Studies J. Steven O’Malley Professor of Methodist Holiness History EDITORIAL ADVISORY PANEL William Abraham, Perkins School of Theology David Bundy, New York Theological Seminary Ted Campbell, Perkins School of Theology Hyungkeun Choi, Seoul Theological University Richard Heitzenrater, Duke University Divinity School Scott Kisker, Wesley Theological Seminary Sarah Lancaster, Methodist Theological School of Ohio Gareth Lloyd, University of Manchester Randy Maddox, Duke University Divinity School Nantachai Medjuhon, Muang Thai Church, Bangkok, Thailand Stanley Nwoji, Pastor, Lagos, Nigeria Paul Numrich, Theological Consortium of Greater Columbus Dana Robert, Boston University Howard Snyder, Manchester Wesley Research Centre L. Wesley de Souza, Candler School of Theology Leonard Sweet, Drew University School of Theology Amos Yong, Regent University Hwa Yung, United Methodist Church, Kuala Lampur, Malaysia All inquiries regarding subscriptions, back issues, permissions to reprint, manuscripts for submission, and books for review should be addressed to: The Asbury Journal Asbury Theological Seminary 204 N. Lexington Avenue, Wilmore, KY 40390 FAX: 859-858-2375 http://place.asburyseminary.edu/asburyjournal/ © Copyright 2021 by Asbury Theological Seminary ISSN 1090-5642 The Asbury Journal VOLUME 76:1 Spring 2021 TABLE OF CONTENTS 6 From the Editor 9 In/Voluntary Surrogacy in Genesis David J. Zucker 25 Trump Was Trumped Long Ago: or, The Legacy of Leadership in the Book of Ecclesiastes W. Creighton Marlowe 35 A Comparative Analysis of the Major Religions in Japan and Korea During the Colonial Period Greg S. Whyte 61 Women Church Planters in the Early Work of the Church of God in Christ: The Case of the Singing Twins, Reatha and Leatha Morris Robert A. Danielson 82 The Seven Churches of United Methodism, Revisited John Lomperis Features 109 From the Archives: The Poetry of Sterling M. Means- The Pentecostal Publishing Company Collection 123 Book Reviews 145 Books Received Timothy C. Tennent President and Publisher Douglas Mathews Provost The Asbury Journal is a The Asbury Journal publishes scholarly essays and continuation of the Asbury Seminarian (1945-1985, book reviews written from a Wesleyan perspective. vol. 1-40) and The Asbury The Journal’s authors and audience reflect the global Theological Journal (1986- reality of the Christian church, the holistic nature 2005, vol. 41-60). Articles of Wesleyan thought, and the importance of both in The Asbury Journal are indexed in The Christian theory and practice in addressing the current issues Periodical Index and Religion of the day. Authors include Wesleyan scholars, Index One: Periodicals (RIO); scholars of Wesleyanism/Methodism, and scholars book reviews are indexed in Index to Book Reviews in writing on issues of theological and theological Religion (IBRR). Both RIO education importance. and IBRR are published by the American Theological Library Association, 5600 South Woodlawn Avenue, ISSN 1090-5642 Chicago, IL 60637, and are available online through BRS Published in April and October Information Technologies and DIALOG Information Articles and reviews may be copied for personal Services. Articles starting with volume 43 are abstracted in or classroom use. Permission to otherwise reprint Religious and Theological essays and reviews must be granted permission by Abstracts and New Test- the editor and the author. ament Abstracts. Volumes in microform of the Asbury Seminarian (vols. 1-40) and the Asbury Theological Journal (vols. 41-60) are available from University Microfilms International, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106. The Asbury Journal 76/1: 6-8 © 2021 Asbury Theological Seminary DOI: 10.7252/Journal.01.2021S.01 From the Editor My general reaction to conflict is to run away! I am just not very good at confrontation. So, I was a bit surprised as I read through the articles for this issue of The Asbury Journal to see that conflict was at the heart of all of these articles. This past year has certainly been a year filled with political, social, and cultural conflict of all types. Events like the January 6th U.S. Capitol riots and the growth of the Black Lives Matter Movement of 2020, will remain key markers of history for our current time period. The growing escalation of the culture wars within our society, not to mention the news of the coup in Myanmar, and the conflict engendered by the COVID-19 pandemic safety protocols and all of the political arguing that has caused in global politics has continued to bombard us on the evening news and in our social media feeds. But what can we learn from the Bible and the Church? How do we as Christians engage, defuse, or disengage from conflict? Rabbi David J. Zucker starts this issue off with a look at one of the earliest conflicts in scripture, that between Sarah and Hagar over the issue of providing a son for Abraham. Engaging in the cultural and scriptural dynamics of the issue of surrogacy in Genesis, Rabbi Zucker explores feminist theological responses to the concept of surrogacy in the light of biblical evidence. He brings his own unique insights from the Jewish tradition and his academic research into the matriarchs of Judaism to this topic, which not only explores conflict within Abraham’s family unit, but theological conflict in today’s reading of scripture. W. Creighton Marlowe, a long-term contributor to The Asbury Journal (and one of our most downloaded authors) from his European cultural context opens up the political conflicts of our time and history itself through a profound and thoughtful examination of Ecclesiastes. Truly “there is nothing new under the sun,” and his sage advice for moderation and a God-centered style of living is sure wisdom for all of the people of God struggling with the issue of conflict in political leadership all over the world. FROM THE EDITOR 7 Greg S. Whyte helps us delve into the issue of inter-religious conflict by exploring the religious context of Japan and Korea during the Colonial Era. Missionaries did not enter an empty field in East Asia, but rather entered an environment in which Shintoism, Confucianism, and Buddhism were all vying for political influence and cultural dominance in the region. One of the perplexing questions arising out of East Asian missions is why Christian mission was successful in Korea, but not in Japan. The religious context, as Whyte proposes, might be one of the reasons to help explain this situation. I also enter the discussion with an article I have been working on for some time, which reflects not only on gender conflicts within the Church of God in Christ (COGIC), but also has subtexts involving racial conflict within the United States. Reatha and Leatha Morris were twin evangelists for COGIC, one of the largest African-American denominations with a history in the Holiness-Pentecostal tradition. Women were allowed to plant churches, but not to preach or lead churches, and the story of Reatha and Leatha Morris reflect this conflict, but also some of the key church planting lessons we might learn from their work. While the wider racial conflict is not directly addressed, it was certainly present and active during the time of their ministry in the early 20th century. John Lomperis concludes this issue with an exploration of the current conflict within the United Methodist Church. Using a well- known study of the divisions within the church a number of years back, Lomperis revisits the study and suggests where the current fault lines in the denomination lay. It is impossible to know how the future of this conflict will develop, but understanding the main streams of division within the denomination may provide helpful insight for moving beyond the conflict in the future of the United Methodist Church. Finally, in the From the Archives essay, I return to the issue of racial division and conflict within the United States. But this time it emerges from a single book in the archive’s collections, a book of African-American poetry published by H.C. Morrison’s Pentecostal Publishing Company in 1919. This slim volume is easy to miss, but it raises all kinds of interesting questions about the connections between a white holiness publisher and an African-American pastor of the C.M.E. The poetry itself places a unique perspective on political and culture events of the Jim Crow Era by giving us a view from the perspective of an African-American religious leader who 8 The Asbury Journal 76/1 (2021) would go on to become more engaged in the struggle for racial equality. It provides so much unexplored room for thought, that the topic will be continued in a future issue of the Journal as well. Conflict is a part of life, and while we might like to run away from it, that is not always possible, and sometimes confronting it is more in line with God’s desire for the Kingdom of God. I am left reflecting on Paul’s writing in 2 Corinthians 7:5-6, “For even when we came to Macedonia our flesh had no rest, but we were afflicted on every side: conflicts on the outside, fears inside. But God, who comforts the discouraged, comforted us by the arrival of Titus.” Conflict emerges from both outside ourselves, but also comes from within. We might be left uncertain, confused, and dazed by the events around us, but be encouraged by knowing that God is in control and will provide us comfort when it is needed. God will help us make sense out of and successfully navigate the conflict in our lives. Robert Danielson Ph.D. The Asbury Journal 76/1: 9-24 © 2021 Asbury Theological Seminary DOI: 10.7252/Journal.01.2021S.02 David J.