American Indians and the Old Spanish Trail Prepared By Richard W. Stoffle Kathleen A. Van Vlack Rebecca S. Toupal Sean M. O’Meara Jessica L. Medwied-Savage Henry F. Dobyns Richard W. Arnold Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology University of Arizona Tucson, AZ December 19, 2008 American Indians and the Old Spanish Trail Prepared For Sharon Brown National Park Service Sarah Schlanger, Bureau of Land Management El Camino Real and Old Spanish NHT Team Leaders And David Ruppert Intermountain Regional Office National Park Service Contract Number J1217050012 (UAZDS-178, 201) Prepared By Richard W. Stoffle Kathleen A. Van Vlack Rebecca S. Toupal Sean M. O’Meara Jessica L. Medwied-Savage Henry F. Dobyns Richard W. Arnold With the Assistance of Mance Buttram Heather Fauland Daniel Borysewicz Phillip Dukes James Madril Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona Final Report December 19, 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ......................................................................................................................... iii List of Figures........................................................................................................................ v List of Maps ............................................................................................................................ix Acknowledgements................................................................................................................ xi CHAPTER ONE Introduction Introduction........................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Old Spanish Trail Plan...................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Background to the Old Spanish Trail Comprehensive Plan ............................................. 2 1.3 The American Indian Study.............................................................................................. 3 1.4 Purpose of this Report....................................................................................................... 4 1.5 Consultation and Cultural Affiliation ............................................................................... 5 1.5.1 General Consultation ............................................................................................... 6 1.5.2 Specific Consultation............................................................................................... 7 1.5.3 Culturally Affiliated Tribes...................................................................................... 7 1.5.4 Cultural Affiliation and the Old Spanish Trail ........................................................ 8 1.6 Conducting Site Visits and Summary of Interviews......................................................... 11 1.7 BARA Research Methodology ........................................................................................ 17 1.8 About the Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology................................................. 18 1.8.1 Research Team Qualifications ....................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER TWO Re-Examination of Armijo’s Route Introduction........................................................................................................................... 21 2.1 Propositions....................................................................................................................... 21 2.1.1 Data......................................................................................................................... 22 2.2 Eastern Section: From Abiquiú to the Crossing of the Fathers ........................................ 25 2.3 Central Section: From the Crossing of the Fathers to the Colorado River Confluence with the Las Vegas Creek ................................................................................................. 36 2.4 Western or Desert Section: From the Las Vegas Creek Confluence with the Colorado River to San Gabriel Mission............................................................................................ 44 CHAPTER THREE The Ute Trail- Southern Ute Site by Site Analysis Introduction........................................................................................................................... 51 3.1 Numic Epistemology: Puha .............................................................................................. 53 3.2 The Old Ute Trail.............................................................................................................. 54 3.3 Abiquiú ............................................................................................................................. 58 3.4 Santa Clara Pueblo............................................................................................................ 64 3.5 Taos Pueblo....................................................................................................................... 70 3.6 Southern Ute Site by Site Summary ................................................................................. 77 i 3.7 Carracas Crossing ............................................................................................................. 78 3.8 Water Hole Rock .............................................................................................................. 90 3.9 Crossing of the Los Pinos River ....................................................................................... 99 3.10 Ridges Basin ................................................................................................................... 106 3.11 Hesperus-La Plata Crossing............................................................................................ 126 CHAPTER FOUR Southern Paiute Site by Site Analysis Introduction......................................................................................................................... 138 4.1 Numic Epistemology: Puha ............................................................................................ 138 4.2 Southern Paiutes and Trails ............................................................................................ 139 4.3 Rochester Panel............................................................................................................... 157 4.4 Hot Springs to Solar Calendar ........................................................................................ 174 4.5 Camp Springs.................................................................................................................. 190 4.6 The Salt Cave.................................................................................................................. 218 4.7 Stuart Ranch.................................................................................................................... 233 4.8 Pah Hu Wichi.................................................................................................................. 245 4.9 Cottonwood Spring ......................................................................................................... 268 4.10 Mountain Spring ........................................................................................................... 279 4.11 Stump Spring ................................................................................................................ 291 4.12 Resting Spring............................................................................................................... 300 4.13 Tecopa Area.................................................................................................................. 308 4.14 Dumont Dunes .............................................................................................................. 321 4.15 Salt Spring..................................................................................................................... 334 4.16 Piute Spring................................................................................................................... 348 CHAPTER FIVE Recommendations Introduction..........................................................................................................................363 5.1 Site by Site Recommendations ........................................................................................365 5.2 Future Studies ..................................................................................................................367 5.2.1 Areas of Re-study ...................................................................................................368 REFERENCES.....................................................................................................................369 APPENDIX A.......................................................................................................................388 ii LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Sites Visited During the Study...................................................................11 Table 1.2 Numbers of Interviews by Site and by Tribe ............................................15 Table 1.3 Number of Interviews per Site by Date and Ethnic Group........................16 Table 3.1 Chronology of Field Work and Number of Interviews..............................77 Table 3.2 Interviews on Carracas Crossing ...............................................................81 Table 3.3 Carracas Crossing Place Features